Survival of hospital- and community-associated Enterococcus faecium following exposure to in-use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC)
ABSTRACT: Objectives: Hospital-associated infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) have increased dramatically in Denmark. A cornerstone in infection control is effective cleaning and disinfection. This study investigated the survival and resuscitation/growth of clinical is...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213716522000704 |
| _version_ | 1828815267082272768 |
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| author | Bolette Skive Andreas Christian Lawaetz Anette M. Hammerum Henrik Hasman Mette Pinholt Christian Stab Jensen Jenny Dahl Knudsen Anne Kjerulf Hanne Ingmer |
| author_facet | Bolette Skive Andreas Christian Lawaetz Anette M. Hammerum Henrik Hasman Mette Pinholt Christian Stab Jensen Jenny Dahl Knudsen Anne Kjerulf Hanne Ingmer |
| author_sort | Bolette Skive |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT: Objectives: Hospital-associated infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) have increased dramatically in Denmark. A cornerstone in infection control is effective cleaning and disinfection. This study investigated the survival and resuscitation/growth of clinical isolates of E. faecium exposed to the chlorine-releasing disinfectant, sodium dichloroisocyanurate plus detergent (NaDCC Plus). Methods: To assess biocide efficacy, we modified a method developed to characterise the dose-time-response of bacteria to antibiotics. E. faecium isolates (n = 59) were screened in 96-well plates containing 50–1400 ppm free available chlorine. Bacteria were exposed for 10 min, after which the biocide was inactivated with a neutralizer. Cells were collected by centrifugation, new broth added, and after 20–22 h, viability was recorded as growth/no growth. For a subset of strains the impact of shorter biocide exposure times were examined, as was the influence of longer incubation times. Results: E. faecium survived exposure to relatively high concentrations of NaDCC Plus, average 415 ppm of free available chlorine (SD ± 78 ppm), compared to recommended in-use concentration (1000 ppm). “Outbreak” clones did not prove more tolerant to NaDCC Plus compared to other VREfm clones, hospital-associated vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSEfm) or community-associated VSEfm. Shorter exposure time and extended incubation time in broth both significantly increased the concentration needed to eradicate E. faecium, with some isolates surviving higher concentrations than the recommended in-use concentration. Conclusion: Our results indicate that if an exposure time of 10 min is not achieved, the efficacy of the disinfectant will not be sufficient. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T10:40:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-21190600d68c4d468d1a7489370cce26 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2213-7165 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T10:40:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance |
| spelling | doaj.art-21190600d68c4d468d1a7489370cce262022-12-22T00:27:04ZengElsevierJournal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance2213-71652022-06-0129281288Survival of hospital- and community-associated Enterococcus faecium following exposure to in-use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC)Bolette Skive0Andreas Christian Lawaetz1Anette M. Hammerum2Henrik Hasman3Mette Pinholt4Christian Stab Jensen5Jenny Dahl Knudsen6Anne Kjerulf7Hanne Ingmer8Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DenmarkDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DenmarkDepartment of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Amager and Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, DenmarkDepartment of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Ø, DenmarkDepartment of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, DenmarkDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical, Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigboejlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C., DenmarkABSTRACT: Objectives: Hospital-associated infections with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) have increased dramatically in Denmark. A cornerstone in infection control is effective cleaning and disinfection. This study investigated the survival and resuscitation/growth of clinical isolates of E. faecium exposed to the chlorine-releasing disinfectant, sodium dichloroisocyanurate plus detergent (NaDCC Plus). Methods: To assess biocide efficacy, we modified a method developed to characterise the dose-time-response of bacteria to antibiotics. E. faecium isolates (n = 59) were screened in 96-well plates containing 50–1400 ppm free available chlorine. Bacteria were exposed for 10 min, after which the biocide was inactivated with a neutralizer. Cells were collected by centrifugation, new broth added, and after 20–22 h, viability was recorded as growth/no growth. For a subset of strains the impact of shorter biocide exposure times were examined, as was the influence of longer incubation times. Results: E. faecium survived exposure to relatively high concentrations of NaDCC Plus, average 415 ppm of free available chlorine (SD ± 78 ppm), compared to recommended in-use concentration (1000 ppm). “Outbreak” clones did not prove more tolerant to NaDCC Plus compared to other VREfm clones, hospital-associated vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSEfm) or community-associated VSEfm. Shorter exposure time and extended incubation time in broth both significantly increased the concentration needed to eradicate E. faecium, with some isolates surviving higher concentrations than the recommended in-use concentration. Conclusion: Our results indicate that if an exposure time of 10 min is not achieved, the efficacy of the disinfectant will not be sufficient.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213716522000704Enterococcus faeciumVREVVEVancomycin resistanceBiocide susceptibilityChlorine-releasing agent |
| spellingShingle | Bolette Skive Andreas Christian Lawaetz Anette M. Hammerum Henrik Hasman Mette Pinholt Christian Stab Jensen Jenny Dahl Knudsen Anne Kjerulf Hanne Ingmer Survival of hospital- and community-associated Enterococcus faecium following exposure to in-use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance Enterococcus faecium VRE VVE Vancomycin resistance Biocide susceptibility Chlorine-releasing agent |
| title | Survival of hospital- and community-associated Enterococcus faecium following exposure to in-use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) |
| title_full | Survival of hospital- and community-associated Enterococcus faecium following exposure to in-use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) |
| title_fullStr | Survival of hospital- and community-associated Enterococcus faecium following exposure to in-use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Survival of hospital- and community-associated Enterococcus faecium following exposure to in-use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) |
| title_short | Survival of hospital- and community-associated Enterococcus faecium following exposure to in-use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) |
| title_sort | survival of hospital and community associated enterococcus faecium following exposure to in use concentrations of the biocide sodium dichloroisocyanurate nadcc |
| topic | Enterococcus faecium VRE VVE Vancomycin resistance Biocide susceptibility Chlorine-releasing agent |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213716522000704 |
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