Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone
Stress adaptation is of utmost importance for the maintenance of homeostasis and, therefore, of life itself. The prevalence of stress-related disorders is increasing, emphasizing the importance of exploratory research on stress adaptation. Two major regulatory pathways exist: the hypothalamic–pituit...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9090 |
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| author | Tiago Chaves Csilla Lea Fazekas Krisztina Horváth Pedro Correia Adrienn Szabó Bibiána Török Krisztina Bánrévi Dóra Zelena |
| author_facet | Tiago Chaves Csilla Lea Fazekas Krisztina Horváth Pedro Correia Adrienn Szabó Bibiána Török Krisztina Bánrévi Dóra Zelena |
| author_sort | Tiago Chaves |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Stress adaptation is of utmost importance for the maintenance of homeostasis and, therefore, of life itself. The prevalence of stress-related disorders is increasing, emphasizing the importance of exploratory research on stress adaptation. Two major regulatory pathways exist: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary axis. They act in unison, ensured by the enormous bidirectional connection between their centers, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the brainstem monoaminergic cell groups, respectively. PVN and especially their corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) producing neurons are considered to be the centrum of stress regulation. However, the brainstem seems to be equally important. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the present knowledge on the role of classical neurotransmitters of the brainstem (GABA, glutamate as well as serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine) in stress adaptation. Neuropeptides, including CRH, might be co-localized in the brainstem nuclei. Here we focused on CRH as its role in stress regulation is well-known and widely accepted and other CRH neurons scattered along the brain may also complement the function of the PVN. Although CRH-positive cells are present on some parts of the brainstem, sometimes even in comparable amounts as in the PVN, not much is known about their contribution to stress adaptation. Based on the role of the Barrington’s nucleus in micturition and the inferior olivary complex in the regulation of fine motoric—as the main CRH-containing brainstem areas—we might assume that these areas regulate stress-induced urination and locomotion, respectively. Further studies are necessary for the field. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:43:38Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:43:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-211d3808bfda4d3b8462ce5935e42c2a2023-11-22T08:05:19ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-08-012216909010.3390/ijms22169090Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing HormoneTiago Chaves0Csilla Lea Fazekas1Krisztina Horváth2Pedro Correia3Adrienn Szabó4Bibiána Török5Krisztina Bánrévi6Dóra Zelena7Laboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, HungaryLaboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, HungaryLaboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, HungaryLaboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, HungaryLaboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, HungaryLaboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, HungaryLaboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, HungaryLaboratory of Behavioural and Stress Studies, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, HungaryStress adaptation is of utmost importance for the maintenance of homeostasis and, therefore, of life itself. The prevalence of stress-related disorders is increasing, emphasizing the importance of exploratory research on stress adaptation. Two major regulatory pathways exist: the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis and the sympathetic adrenomedullary axis. They act in unison, ensured by the enormous bidirectional connection between their centers, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the brainstem monoaminergic cell groups, respectively. PVN and especially their corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) producing neurons are considered to be the centrum of stress regulation. However, the brainstem seems to be equally important. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the present knowledge on the role of classical neurotransmitters of the brainstem (GABA, glutamate as well as serotonin, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine) in stress adaptation. Neuropeptides, including CRH, might be co-localized in the brainstem nuclei. Here we focused on CRH as its role in stress regulation is well-known and widely accepted and other CRH neurons scattered along the brain may also complement the function of the PVN. Although CRH-positive cells are present on some parts of the brainstem, sometimes even in comparable amounts as in the PVN, not much is known about their contribution to stress adaptation. Based on the role of the Barrington’s nucleus in micturition and the inferior olivary complex in the regulation of fine motoric—as the main CRH-containing brainstem areas—we might assume that these areas regulate stress-induced urination and locomotion, respectively. Further studies are necessary for the field.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9090stressbrainstemPVNCRHBarrington’s nucleusinferior olivary complex |
| spellingShingle | Tiago Chaves Csilla Lea Fazekas Krisztina Horváth Pedro Correia Adrienn Szabó Bibiána Török Krisztina Bánrévi Dóra Zelena Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone International Journal of Molecular Sciences stress brainstem PVN CRH Barrington’s nucleus inferior olivary complex |
| title | Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
| title_full | Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
| title_fullStr | Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
| title_short | Stress Adaptation and the Brainstem with Focus on Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone |
| title_sort | stress adaptation and the brainstem with focus on corticotropin releasing hormone |
| topic | stress brainstem PVN CRH Barrington’s nucleus inferior olivary complex |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/16/9090 |
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