Cytotoxic, Elastic-Plastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Aged, Modern Resin-Based Dental Composites
The development of resin-based composites (RBCs) is a delicate balance of antagonistic properties with direct clinical implications. The clear trend toward reducing filler size in modern RBCs solves esthetic deficiencies but reduces mechanical properties due to lower filler content and increases sus...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Bioengineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/235 |
| _version_ | 1797622264452087808 |
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| author | Nicoleta Ilie |
| author_facet | Nicoleta Ilie |
| author_sort | Nicoleta Ilie |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The development of resin-based composites (RBCs) is a delicate balance of antagonistic properties with direct clinical implications. The clear trend toward reducing filler size in modern RBCs solves esthetic deficiencies but reduces mechanical properties due to lower filler content and increases susceptibility to degradation due to larger filler–matrix interface. We evaluated a range of nano- and nano-hybrid RBCs, along with materials attempting to address shrinkage stress issues by implementing an Ormocer matrix or pre-polymerized fillers, and materials aiming to provide caries-protective benefit by incorporating bioactive fillers. The cytotoxic response of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells after exposure to the RBC eluates, which were collected for up to six months, was analyzed using a WST-1 assay. The microstructural features were characterized using a scanning electron microscopy and were related to the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical behaviors. The elastic-plastic and viscoelastic material behaviors were evaluated at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The data were supplemented with fractography, Weibull analysis, and aging behavioral analysis. The results indicate that all RBCs are non-cytotoxic at adequate exposure. The amount of inorganic filler affects the elastic modulus, while only to a limited extent the flexural strength, and is well below the theoretical estimates. The nanoparticles and the agglomeration of nanoparticles in the RBCs help generate good mechanical properties and excellent reliability, but they are more prone to deterioration with aging. The pre-polymerized fillers lower the initial mechanical properties but are less sensitive to aging. Only the Ormocer retains its damping ability after aging. The strength and modulus of elasticity on the one hand and the damping capacity on the other are mutually exclusive and indicate the direction in which the RBCs should be further developed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:08:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2134c39e44594b4281b1f438c10c53ea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:08:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-2134c39e44594b4281b1f438c10c53ea2023-11-16T19:11:33ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542023-02-0110223510.3390/bioengineering10020235Cytotoxic, Elastic-Plastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Aged, Modern Resin-Based Dental CompositesNicoleta Ilie0Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, D-80336 Munich, GermanyThe development of resin-based composites (RBCs) is a delicate balance of antagonistic properties with direct clinical implications. The clear trend toward reducing filler size in modern RBCs solves esthetic deficiencies but reduces mechanical properties due to lower filler content and increases susceptibility to degradation due to larger filler–matrix interface. We evaluated a range of nano- and nano-hybrid RBCs, along with materials attempting to address shrinkage stress issues by implementing an Ormocer matrix or pre-polymerized fillers, and materials aiming to provide caries-protective benefit by incorporating bioactive fillers. The cytotoxic response of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells after exposure to the RBC eluates, which were collected for up to six months, was analyzed using a WST-1 assay. The microstructural features were characterized using a scanning electron microscopy and were related to the macroscopic and microscopic mechanical behaviors. The elastic-plastic and viscoelastic material behaviors were evaluated at the macroscopic and microscopic levels. The data were supplemented with fractography, Weibull analysis, and aging behavioral analysis. The results indicate that all RBCs are non-cytotoxic at adequate exposure. The amount of inorganic filler affects the elastic modulus, while only to a limited extent the flexural strength, and is well below the theoretical estimates. The nanoparticles and the agglomeration of nanoparticles in the RBCs help generate good mechanical properties and excellent reliability, but they are more prone to deterioration with aging. The pre-polymerized fillers lower the initial mechanical properties but are less sensitive to aging. Only the Ormocer retains its damping ability after aging. The strength and modulus of elasticity on the one hand and the damping capacity on the other are mutually exclusive and indicate the direction in which the RBCs should be further developed.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/235compositescytotoxicityagingflexural propertieshardnessdynamic mechanical analysis |
| spellingShingle | Nicoleta Ilie Cytotoxic, Elastic-Plastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Aged, Modern Resin-Based Dental Composites Bioengineering composites cytotoxicity aging flexural properties hardness dynamic mechanical analysis |
| title | Cytotoxic, Elastic-Plastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Aged, Modern Resin-Based Dental Composites |
| title_full | Cytotoxic, Elastic-Plastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Aged, Modern Resin-Based Dental Composites |
| title_fullStr | Cytotoxic, Elastic-Plastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Aged, Modern Resin-Based Dental Composites |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cytotoxic, Elastic-Plastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Aged, Modern Resin-Based Dental Composites |
| title_short | Cytotoxic, Elastic-Plastic and Viscoelastic Behavior of Aged, Modern Resin-Based Dental Composites |
| title_sort | cytotoxic elastic plastic and viscoelastic behavior of aged modern resin based dental composites |
| topic | composites cytotoxicity aging flexural properties hardness dynamic mechanical analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/2/235 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nicoletailie cytotoxicelasticplasticandviscoelasticbehaviorofagedmodernresinbaseddentalcomposites |