An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
Spain is the second highest rice-producing country in the European Union, with approximately 105,000 ha used to grow this crop. The major rice-producing regions in Spain are Andalusia, Extremadura, Catalonia, and Valencia, followed by Aragon and Navarre. The main soil texture throughout Spanish rice...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/6/1095 |
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| author | Diego Gómez de Barreda Gabriel Pardo José María Osca Mar Catala-Forner Silvia Consola Irache Garnica Nuria López-Martínez José Antonio Palmerín Maria Dolores Osuna |
| author_facet | Diego Gómez de Barreda Gabriel Pardo José María Osca Mar Catala-Forner Silvia Consola Irache Garnica Nuria López-Martínez José Antonio Palmerín Maria Dolores Osuna |
| author_sort | Diego Gómez de Barreda |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spain is the second highest rice-producing country in the European Union, with approximately 105,000 ha used to grow this crop. The major rice-producing regions in Spain are Andalusia, Extremadura, Catalonia, and Valencia, followed by Aragon and Navarre. The main soil texture throughout Spanish rice areas is silty clay loam, with alkaline soils (pH > 7.5)—except in the Extremadura area (pH = 5.5–6)—and a low organic matter content. Water quality in terms of salinity is acceptable, although in some coastal rice areas salinity issues occasionally appear to be a determining factor for high yield achievement. According to a survey carried out on farmers and technicians, the most problematic weeds found in rice crops today in Spain are <i>Echinochloa</i> spp., <i>Leptochloa</i> spp., and <i>Cyperus difformis</i>. Most of the currently authorized herbicides can be classified according to two modes of action: ALS-inhibiting and ACCase-inhibiting. Repeated field applications of herbicides with the same mode of action have resulted in the selection of herbicide-resistant weeds. At present, resistance has been confirmed in different regions of Spain to ALS inhibitors in <i>Echinochloa</i> spp., <i>Leptochloa</i> spp., and <i>Cyperus difformis,</i> and to ACCase inhibitors in <i>Echinochloa</i> spp. and <i>Leptochloa</i> spp. The mechanism of resistance in these species is a mutation in the target site of these herbicides. Several mutations have been found in the ALS gene, both in <i>Echinochloa</i> spp. and <i>Cyperus difformis,</i> distributed in the different rice-growing regions considered in this work. ACCase gene mutations have been mainly found in <i>Leptochloa</i> spp. individuals from Extremadura and Valencia. These different mutations have resulted in different patterns of cross-resistance to ALS- and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. It is likely that the repeated use of these two modes of action in rice will result in the evolution of more resistant weed populations. The possible availability of new herbicides with alternative modes of action in a short space of time seems very limited, suggesting the need for a more appropriate use of the available alternative strategies (crop rotation, dry sowing, manual weeding, etc.). This work presents a review of the main characteristics of rice cultivation in Spain, emphasizing the current problems in this crop and the management of herbicide-resistant weeds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:57:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-213e88e1d05c4175b4717561c73ea820 |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:57:15Z |
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| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-213e88e1d05c4175b4717561c73ea8202023-11-21T21:46:53ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952021-05-01116109510.3390/agronomy11061095An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant WeedsDiego Gómez de Barreda0Gabriel Pardo1José María Osca2Mar Catala-Forner3Silvia Consola4Irache Garnica5Nuria López-Martínez6José Antonio Palmerín7Maria Dolores Osuna8Plant Protection Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, SpainPlant Protection Department, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), AgriFood Institute of Aragon—IA2 (CITA-University of Zaragoza), Avenida Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, SpainPlant Protection Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, SpainInstitute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Estació Experimental de l’Ebre, Ctra. de Balada, km 1, 43870 Amposta, SpainPlant Health Service (DARP), Generalitat de Catalunya, Ctra. de Valencia, 108, 43520 Roquetes, SpainInstitute for Agrifood Technology and Infrastructures of Navarra (INTIA), Edificio Peritos, Avda. Serapio Huici 22, Navarre, 31610 Villava, SpainAgronomy Department, High Technical School of Agronomic Engineering (ETSIA), University of Sevilla, Ctra. de Utrera, 41013 Sevilla, SpainPlant Health Service, Government of Extremadura, Ctra. de Miajadas, km 2,5, Don Benito, 06400 Badajoz, SpainPlant Protection Department, Extremadura Scientific and Technological Research Center (CICYTEX), Ctra. de AV, km 372, Badajoz, 06187 Guadajira, SpainSpain is the second highest rice-producing country in the European Union, with approximately 105,000 ha used to grow this crop. The major rice-producing regions in Spain are Andalusia, Extremadura, Catalonia, and Valencia, followed by Aragon and Navarre. The main soil texture throughout Spanish rice areas is silty clay loam, with alkaline soils (pH > 7.5)—except in the Extremadura area (pH = 5.5–6)—and a low organic matter content. Water quality in terms of salinity is acceptable, although in some coastal rice areas salinity issues occasionally appear to be a determining factor for high yield achievement. According to a survey carried out on farmers and technicians, the most problematic weeds found in rice crops today in Spain are <i>Echinochloa</i> spp., <i>Leptochloa</i> spp., and <i>Cyperus difformis</i>. Most of the currently authorized herbicides can be classified according to two modes of action: ALS-inhibiting and ACCase-inhibiting. Repeated field applications of herbicides with the same mode of action have resulted in the selection of herbicide-resistant weeds. At present, resistance has been confirmed in different regions of Spain to ALS inhibitors in <i>Echinochloa</i> spp., <i>Leptochloa</i> spp., and <i>Cyperus difformis,</i> and to ACCase inhibitors in <i>Echinochloa</i> spp. and <i>Leptochloa</i> spp. The mechanism of resistance in these species is a mutation in the target site of these herbicides. Several mutations have been found in the ALS gene, both in <i>Echinochloa</i> spp. and <i>Cyperus difformis,</i> distributed in the different rice-growing regions considered in this work. ACCase gene mutations have been mainly found in <i>Leptochloa</i> spp. individuals from Extremadura and Valencia. These different mutations have resulted in different patterns of cross-resistance to ALS- and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. It is likely that the repeated use of these two modes of action in rice will result in the evolution of more resistant weed populations. The possible availability of new herbicides with alternative modes of action in a short space of time seems very limited, suggesting the need for a more appropriate use of the available alternative strategies (crop rotation, dry sowing, manual weeding, etc.). This work presents a review of the main characteristics of rice cultivation in Spain, emphasizing the current problems in this crop and the management of herbicide-resistant weeds.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/6/1095barnyard grasscrop protectionherbicidetarget-site resistancericeweed management |
| spellingShingle | Diego Gómez de Barreda Gabriel Pardo José María Osca Mar Catala-Forner Silvia Consola Irache Garnica Nuria López-Martínez José Antonio Palmerín Maria Dolores Osuna An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds Agronomy barnyard grass crop protection herbicide target-site resistance rice weed management |
| title | An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds |
| title_full | An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds |
| title_fullStr | An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds |
| title_short | An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds |
| title_sort | overview of rice cultivation in spain and the management of herbicide resistant weeds |
| topic | barnyard grass crop protection herbicide target-site resistance rice weed management |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/6/1095 |
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