A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Based on Erbium Molybdate Incorporating Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Dimethoate Determination in Apple Juice Samples
Dimethoate (DIM) as an organophosphorus pesticide is widely utilized especially in the cultivation of vegetables and fruits due to its killing effect on harmful insects. However, unconscious use of DIM in large amounts can also cause serious health problems. For these reasons, rapid and reliable det...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/5/810 |
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| author | Neslihan Özdemir Betül Karslıoğlu Bahar Bankoğlu Yola Necip Atar Mehmet Lütfi Yola |
| author_facet | Neslihan Özdemir Betül Karslıoğlu Bahar Bankoğlu Yola Necip Atar Mehmet Lütfi Yola |
| author_sort | Neslihan Özdemir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dimethoate (DIM) as an organophosphorus pesticide is widely utilized especially in the cultivation of vegetables and fruits due to its killing effect on harmful insects. However, unconscious use of DIM in large amounts can also cause serious health problems. For these reasons, rapid and reliable detection of DIM from food samples is significant. In this study, a novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor based on erbium molybdate incorporating sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) and a molecularly imprinting polymer (MIP) was designed for DIM detection in apple juice samples. Firstly, an EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite with high purity was prepared under hydrothermal conditions at high temperatures over a long period of time. After the modification of the EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite on a QCM chip, the polymerization solution including N,N′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker, methacryloylamidoglutamic acid (MAGA) as a monomer, and DIM as an analyte was prepared. Then, the polymerization solution was dropped on an EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite modified QCM chip and an ultraviolet polymerization process was applied for the formation of the DIM-imprinted polymers on the EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite modified QCM chip. After the polymerization treatment, some characterization studies, including electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic methods, were performed to illuminate the surface properties of the nanocomposite and the prepared QCM sensor. The values of the limit of quantification (LOQ) and the detection limit (LOD) of the prepared QCM sensor were as 1.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M and 3.3 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M, respectively. In addition, high selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and repeatability of the developed sensor was observed, providing highly reliable analysis results. Finally, thanks to the prepared sensor, it may be possible to detect pesticides from different food and environmental samples in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:29:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-218b5a5be28443a38599aa727da0120a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:29:44Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-218b5a5be28443a38599aa727da0120a2024-03-12T16:44:34ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582024-03-0113581010.3390/foods13050810A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Based on Erbium Molybdate Incorporating Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Dimethoate Determination in Apple Juice SamplesNeslihan Özdemir0Betül Karslıoğlu1Bahar Bankoğlu Yola2Necip Atar3Mehmet Lütfi Yola4Department of Machinery and Metal Technologies, Merzifon Vocational School, Amasya University, Amasya 05300, TurkeyDepartment of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Tourism, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep 27000, TurkeyDepartment of Engineering Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University, Gaziantep 27000, TurkeyDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20160, TurkeyDepartment of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep 27000, TurkeyDimethoate (DIM) as an organophosphorus pesticide is widely utilized especially in the cultivation of vegetables and fruits due to its killing effect on harmful insects. However, unconscious use of DIM in large amounts can also cause serious health problems. For these reasons, rapid and reliable detection of DIM from food samples is significant. In this study, a novel quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor based on erbium molybdate incorporating sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) and a molecularly imprinting polymer (MIP) was designed for DIM detection in apple juice samples. Firstly, an EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite with high purity was prepared under hydrothermal conditions at high temperatures over a long period of time. After the modification of the EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite on a QCM chip, the polymerization solution including N,N′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker, methacryloylamidoglutamic acid (MAGA) as a monomer, and DIM as an analyte was prepared. Then, the polymerization solution was dropped on an EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite modified QCM chip and an ultraviolet polymerization process was applied for the formation of the DIM-imprinted polymers on the EM/S-g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> nanocomposite modified QCM chip. After the polymerization treatment, some characterization studies, including electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic methods, were performed to illuminate the surface properties of the nanocomposite and the prepared QCM sensor. The values of the limit of quantification (LOQ) and the detection limit (LOD) of the prepared QCM sensor were as 1.0 × 10<sup>−9</sup> M and 3.3 × 10<sup>−10</sup> M, respectively. In addition, high selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and repeatability of the developed sensor was observed, providing highly reliable analysis results. Finally, thanks to the prepared sensor, it may be possible to detect pesticides from different food and environmental samples in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/5/810dimethoatequartz crystal microbalancenanocompositeapple juice sample |
| spellingShingle | Neslihan Özdemir Betül Karslıoğlu Bahar Bankoğlu Yola Necip Atar Mehmet Lütfi Yola A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Based on Erbium Molybdate Incorporating Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Dimethoate Determination in Apple Juice Samples Foods dimethoate quartz crystal microbalance nanocomposite apple juice sample |
| title | A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Based on Erbium Molybdate Incorporating Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Dimethoate Determination in Apple Juice Samples |
| title_full | A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Based on Erbium Molybdate Incorporating Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Dimethoate Determination in Apple Juice Samples |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Based on Erbium Molybdate Incorporating Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Dimethoate Determination in Apple Juice Samples |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Based on Erbium Molybdate Incorporating Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Dimethoate Determination in Apple Juice Samples |
| title_short | A Novel Molecularly Imprinted Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor Based on Erbium Molybdate Incorporating Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Dimethoate Determination in Apple Juice Samples |
| title_sort | novel molecularly imprinted quartz crystal microbalance sensor based on erbium molybdate incorporating sulfur doped graphitic carbon nitride for dimethoate determination in apple juice samples |
| topic | dimethoate quartz crystal microbalance nanocomposite apple juice sample |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/5/810 |
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