Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination
Abstract Background Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite infection, increases as Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections decrease in Johor, Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the distribution of vectors involved in knowlesi malaria transmission in Johor. This f...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Malaria Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03963-0 |
| _version_ | 1818730133959213056 |
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| author | Sandthya Pramasivan Romano Ngui Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam Jonathan Wee Kent Liew Van Lun Low Norzihan Mohamed Hassan Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman Ropiah Jaraee Roslinda Abdul Rahman Jenarun Jelip Indra Vythilingam |
| author_facet | Sandthya Pramasivan Romano Ngui Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam Jonathan Wee Kent Liew Van Lun Low Norzihan Mohamed Hassan Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman Ropiah Jaraee Roslinda Abdul Rahman Jenarun Jelip Indra Vythilingam |
| author_sort | Sandthya Pramasivan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite infection, increases as Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections decrease in Johor, Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the distribution of vectors involved in knowlesi malaria transmission in Johor. This finding is vital in estimating hotspot areas for targeted control strategies. Methods Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the location where P. knowlesi cases were reported. Cases of knowlesi malaria from 2011 to 2019 in Johor were analyzed. Internal transcribed spacers 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were used to identify the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes. In addition, spatial analysis was carried out on the knowlesi cases and vectors in Johor. Results One hundred and eighty-nine cases of P. knowlesi were reported in Johor over 10 years. Young adults between the ages of 20–39 years comprised 65% of the cases. Most infected individuals were involved in agriculture and army-related occupations (22% and 32%, respectively). Four hundred and eighteen Leucosphyrus Group Anopheles mosquitoes were captured during the study. Anopheles introlatus was the predominant species, followed by Anopheles latens. Spatial analysis by Kriging interpolation found that hotspot regions of P. knowlesi overlapped or were close to the areas where An. introlatus and An. latens were found. A significantly high number of vectors and P. knowlesi cases were found near the road within 0–5 km. Conclusions This study describes the distribution of P. knowlesi cases and Anopheles species in malaria-endemic transmission areas in Johor. Geospatial analysis is a valuable tool for studying the relationship between vectors and P. knowlesi cases. This study further supports that the Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes might be involved in transmitting knowlesi malaria cases in Johor. These findings may provide initial evidence to prioritize diseases and vector surveillance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T22:56:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-218edb066de44562b138a66a2f198369 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1475-2875 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T22:56:57Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Malaria Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-218edb066de44562b138a66a2f1983692022-12-21T21:29:32ZengBMCMalaria Journal1475-28752021-10-0120111210.1186/s12936-021-03963-0Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria eliminationSandthya Pramasivan0Romano Ngui1Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam2Jonathan Wee Kent Liew3Van Lun Low4Norzihan Mohamed Hassan5Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman6Ropiah Jaraee7Roslinda Abdul Rahman8Jenarun Jelip9Indra Vythilingam10Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti MalayaDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti MalayaDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti MalayaDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti MalayaTropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti MalayaEntomology & Pest Sector, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health MalaysiaDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti MalayaEntomology & Pest Unit, Johor State Health District DepartmentKota Tinggi District Health OfficeDisease Control Division, Ministry of Health MalaysiaDepartment of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti MalayaAbstract Background Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite infection, increases as Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections decrease in Johor, Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the distribution of vectors involved in knowlesi malaria transmission in Johor. This finding is vital in estimating hotspot areas for targeted control strategies. Methods Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the location where P. knowlesi cases were reported. Cases of knowlesi malaria from 2011 to 2019 in Johor were analyzed. Internal transcribed spacers 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) genes were used to identify the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes. In addition, spatial analysis was carried out on the knowlesi cases and vectors in Johor. Results One hundred and eighty-nine cases of P. knowlesi were reported in Johor over 10 years. Young adults between the ages of 20–39 years comprised 65% of the cases. Most infected individuals were involved in agriculture and army-related occupations (22% and 32%, respectively). Four hundred and eighteen Leucosphyrus Group Anopheles mosquitoes were captured during the study. Anopheles introlatus was the predominant species, followed by Anopheles latens. Spatial analysis by Kriging interpolation found that hotspot regions of P. knowlesi overlapped or were close to the areas where An. introlatus and An. latens were found. A significantly high number of vectors and P. knowlesi cases were found near the road within 0–5 km. Conclusions This study describes the distribution of P. knowlesi cases and Anopheles species in malaria-endemic transmission areas in Johor. Geospatial analysis is a valuable tool for studying the relationship between vectors and P. knowlesi cases. This study further supports that the Leucosphyrus Group of mosquitoes might be involved in transmitting knowlesi malaria cases in Johor. These findings may provide initial evidence to prioritize diseases and vector surveillance.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03963-0Knowlesi malariaAnophelesGISCOIITS2Spatial distribution |
| spellingShingle | Sandthya Pramasivan Romano Ngui Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam Jonathan Wee Kent Liew Van Lun Low Norzihan Mohamed Hassan Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman Ropiah Jaraee Roslinda Abdul Rahman Jenarun Jelip Indra Vythilingam Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination Malaria Journal Knowlesi malaria Anopheles GIS COI ITS2 Spatial distribution |
| title | Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination |
| title_full | Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination |
| title_fullStr | Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination |
| title_short | Spatial distribution of Plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in Johor, Malaysia: in light of human malaria elimination |
| title_sort | spatial distribution of plasmodium knowlesi cases and their vectors in johor malaysia in light of human malaria elimination |
| topic | Knowlesi malaria Anopheles GIS COI ITS2 Spatial distribution |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03963-0 |
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