Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire
Typical antibodies found in humans and mice usually have short CDR H3s and generally flat binding surfaces. However, cows possess a subset of antibodies with ultralong CDR H3s that can range up to 70 amino acids and form a unique “stalk and knob” structure, with the knob protruding far out of the an...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-06-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01262/full |
| _version_ | 1811261416393408512 |
|---|---|
| author | Jeremy K. Haakenson Ruiqi Huang Vaughn V. Smider |
| author_facet | Jeremy K. Haakenson Ruiqi Huang Vaughn V. Smider |
| author_sort | Jeremy K. Haakenson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Typical antibodies found in humans and mice usually have short CDR H3s and generally flat binding surfaces. However, cows possess a subset of antibodies with ultralong CDR H3s that can range up to 70 amino acids and form a unique “stalk and knob” structure, with the knob protruding far out of the antibody surface, where it has the potential to bind antigens with concave epitopes. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has a proven role in diversifying antibody repertoires in humoral immunity, and it has been found to induce somatic hypermutation in bovine immunoglobulin genes both before and after contact with antigen. Due to limited use of variable and diversity genes in the V(D)J recombination events that produce ultralong CDR H3 antibodies in cows, the diversity in the bovine ultralong antibody repertoire has been proposed to rely on AID-induced mutations targeted to the IGHD8-2 gene that encodes the entire knob region. In this review, we discuss the genetics, structures, and diversity of bovine ultralong antibodies, as well as the role of AID in creating a diverse antibody repertoire. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:02:58Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-21963ece231745aca15cc2ea3f16ece3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T19:02:58Z |
| publishDate | 2018-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-21963ece231745aca15cc2ea3f16ece32022-12-22T03:20:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242018-06-01910.3389/fimmu.2018.01262380945Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody RepertoireJeremy K. HaakensonRuiqi HuangVaughn V. SmiderTypical antibodies found in humans and mice usually have short CDR H3s and generally flat binding surfaces. However, cows possess a subset of antibodies with ultralong CDR H3s that can range up to 70 amino acids and form a unique “stalk and knob” structure, with the knob protruding far out of the antibody surface, where it has the potential to bind antigens with concave epitopes. Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) has a proven role in diversifying antibody repertoires in humoral immunity, and it has been found to induce somatic hypermutation in bovine immunoglobulin genes both before and after contact with antigen. Due to limited use of variable and diversity genes in the V(D)J recombination events that produce ultralong CDR H3 antibodies in cows, the diversity in the bovine ultralong antibody repertoire has been proposed to rely on AID-induced mutations targeted to the IGHD8-2 gene that encodes the entire knob region. In this review, we discuss the genetics, structures, and diversity of bovine ultralong antibodies, as well as the role of AID in creating a diverse antibody repertoire.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01262/fullantibodyultralong CDRH3cow immunoglobulinactivation-induced cytidine deaminaseantibody repertoire |
| spellingShingle | Jeremy K. Haakenson Ruiqi Huang Vaughn V. Smider Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire Frontiers in Immunology antibody ultralong CDRH3 cow immunoglobulin activation-induced cytidine deaminase antibody repertoire |
| title | Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire |
| title_full | Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire |
| title_fullStr | Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire |
| title_short | Diversity in the Cow Ultralong CDR H3 Antibody Repertoire |
| title_sort | diversity in the cow ultralong cdr h3 antibody repertoire |
| topic | antibody ultralong CDRH3 cow immunoglobulin activation-induced cytidine deaminase antibody repertoire |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01262/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jeremykhaakenson diversityinthecowultralongcdrh3antibodyrepertoire AT ruiqihuang diversityinthecowultralongcdrh3antibodyrepertoire AT vaughnvsmider diversityinthecowultralongcdrh3antibodyrepertoire |