Spatial Variation in Soil Base Saturation and Exchangeable Cations in Tropical and Subtropical China
In the last 30 years, severe soil acidification has been found in China due to acid deposition and nitrogen fertilizer overuse. Understanding the spatial pattern and vertical variations in base saturation percentage (BSP) and exchangeable cations (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/781 |
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| author | Jing Zhang Xiaolin Qu Xiaodong Song Ying Xiao Anqi Wang Decheng Li |
| author_facet | Jing Zhang Xiaolin Qu Xiaodong Song Ying Xiao Anqi Wang Decheng Li |
| author_sort | Jing Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the last 30 years, severe soil acidification has been found in China due to acid deposition and nitrogen fertilizer overuse. Understanding the spatial pattern and vertical variations in base saturation percentage (BSP) and exchangeable cations (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, H<sup>+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup>) can directly benefit fertilization management and ecological protection. Here, 1253 soil profiles were surveyed in tropical and subtropical regions in China to investigate the spatial variations in BSP and exchangeable cations at three soil depths of 0–20 cm, 20–50 cm and 50–100 cm. The spatial distributions were interpolated by using advanced machine learning techniques. We found that the exchangeable Ca<sup>2+</sup> (Exch. Ca), Mg<sup>2+</sup> (Exch. Mg) and BSP were significantly higher in paddy fields and uplands than in forests and gardens, regardless of soil depth, while the exchangeable K (Exch. K) did not significantly differ between various land-use types. The Exch. Ca and BSP in Anthrosols were significantly higher than those in Ferrosols, Argosols and Cambosols in the three soil layers. The spatial prediction results indicated that exchangeable cations and BSP were generally characterized by strong heterogeneity, and the Exch. Ca, Exch. K and exchangeable H<sup>+</sup> (Exch. H) contents and BSP declined with increasing soil depth. This study helps us understand the spatial variation in BSP and exchangeable cations in the study area and benefits fertilization management and environmental protection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:03:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-21d32efd07e04349859e844ad930f8a9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:03:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-21d32efd07e04349859e844ad930f8a92023-11-17T09:06:07ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-03-0113378110.3390/agronomy13030781Spatial Variation in Soil Base Saturation and Exchangeable Cations in Tropical and Subtropical ChinaJing Zhang0Xiaolin Qu1Xiaodong Song2Ying Xiao3Anqi Wang4Decheng Li5State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaCultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Protection Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, ChinaIn the last 30 years, severe soil acidification has been found in China due to acid deposition and nitrogen fertilizer overuse. Understanding the spatial pattern and vertical variations in base saturation percentage (BSP) and exchangeable cations (Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, H<sup>+</sup> and Al<sup>3+</sup>) can directly benefit fertilization management and ecological protection. Here, 1253 soil profiles were surveyed in tropical and subtropical regions in China to investigate the spatial variations in BSP and exchangeable cations at three soil depths of 0–20 cm, 20–50 cm and 50–100 cm. The spatial distributions were interpolated by using advanced machine learning techniques. We found that the exchangeable Ca<sup>2+</sup> (Exch. Ca), Mg<sup>2+</sup> (Exch. Mg) and BSP were significantly higher in paddy fields and uplands than in forests and gardens, regardless of soil depth, while the exchangeable K (Exch. K) did not significantly differ between various land-use types. The Exch. Ca and BSP in Anthrosols were significantly higher than those in Ferrosols, Argosols and Cambosols in the three soil layers. The spatial prediction results indicated that exchangeable cations and BSP were generally characterized by strong heterogeneity, and the Exch. Ca, Exch. K and exchangeable H<sup>+</sup> (Exch. H) contents and BSP declined with increasing soil depth. This study helps us understand the spatial variation in BSP and exchangeable cations in the study area and benefits fertilization management and environmental protection.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/781base saturation percentagedigital soil mappingexchangeable cationsland usesoil type |
| spellingShingle | Jing Zhang Xiaolin Qu Xiaodong Song Ying Xiao Anqi Wang Decheng Li Spatial Variation in Soil Base Saturation and Exchangeable Cations in Tropical and Subtropical China Agronomy base saturation percentage digital soil mapping exchangeable cations land use soil type |
| title | Spatial Variation in Soil Base Saturation and Exchangeable Cations in Tropical and Subtropical China |
| title_full | Spatial Variation in Soil Base Saturation and Exchangeable Cations in Tropical and Subtropical China |
| title_fullStr | Spatial Variation in Soil Base Saturation and Exchangeable Cations in Tropical and Subtropical China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial Variation in Soil Base Saturation and Exchangeable Cations in Tropical and Subtropical China |
| title_short | Spatial Variation in Soil Base Saturation and Exchangeable Cations in Tropical and Subtropical China |
| title_sort | spatial variation in soil base saturation and exchangeable cations in tropical and subtropical china |
| topic | base saturation percentage digital soil mapping exchangeable cations land use soil type |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/3/781 |
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