Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity
Bee pollen constitutes a natural source of antioxidants such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, which are responsible for its biological activity. Research has indicated the correlation between dietary polyphenols and cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticanceroge...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2015-12-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/20/12/19800 |
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| author | Anna Rzepecka-Stojko Jerzy Stojko Anna Kurek-Górecka Michał Górecki Agata Kabała-Dzik Robert Kubina Aleksandra Moździerz Ewa Buszman |
| author_facet | Anna Rzepecka-Stojko Jerzy Stojko Anna Kurek-Górecka Michał Górecki Agata Kabała-Dzik Robert Kubina Aleksandra Moździerz Ewa Buszman |
| author_sort | Anna Rzepecka-Stojko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bee pollen constitutes a natural source of antioxidants such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, which are responsible for its biological activity. Research has indicated the correlation between dietary polyphenols and cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancerogenic, immunostimulating, antianaemic effects, as well as their beneficial influence on osseous tissue. The beneficial effects of bee pollen on health result from the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids which possess anti-inflammatory properties, phytosterol and linolenic acid which play an anticancerogenic role, and polysaccharides which stimulate immunological activity. Polyphenols are absorbed in the alimentary tract, metabolised by CYP450 enzymes, and excreted with urine and faeces. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are characterised by high antioxidative potential, which is closely related to their chemical structure. The high antioxidant potential of phenolic acids is due to the presence and location of hydroxyl groups, a carboxyl group in the immediate vicinity of ortho-diphenolic substituents, and the ethylene group between the phenyl ring and the carboxyl group. As regards flavonoids, essential structural elements are hydroxyl groups at the C5 and C7 positions in the A ring, and at the C3′ and C4′ positions in the B ring, and a hydroxyl group at the C3 position in the C ring. Furthermore, both, the double bond between C2 and C3, and a ketone group at the C4 position in the C ring enhance the antioxidative potential of these compounds. Polyphenols have an ideal chemical structure for scavenging free radicals and for creating chelates with metal ions, which makes them effective antioxidants in vivo. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:21:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-21dffe4e184842688edac4d04daadc07 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T03:21:33Z |
| publishDate | 2015-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-21dffe4e184842688edac4d04daadc072022-12-22T02:15:18ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492015-12-012012217322174910.3390/molecules201219800molecules201219800Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological ActivityAnna Rzepecka-Stojko0Jerzy Stojko1Anna Kurek-Górecka2Michał Górecki3Agata Kabała-Dzik4Robert Kubina5Aleksandra Moździerz6Ewa Buszman7Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, Sosnowiec 41-200, PolandDepartment of Hygiene, Bioanalysis and Environmental Studies, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3A, Sosnowiec 41-200, PolandSilesian Medical College in Katowice, Mickiewicza 29, Katowice 40-085, PolandDepartment of Drug Technology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jedności 8, Sosnowiec 41-200, PolandDepartment of Pathology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, PolandDepartment of Pathology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Ostrogórska 30, 41-200 Sosnowiec, PolandDepartment of Hygiene, Bioanalysis and Environmental Studies, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3A, Sosnowiec 41-200, PolandDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, Sosnowiec 41-200, PolandBee pollen constitutes a natural source of antioxidants such as phenolic acids and flavonoids, which are responsible for its biological activity. Research has indicated the correlation between dietary polyphenols and cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancerogenic, immunostimulating, antianaemic effects, as well as their beneficial influence on osseous tissue. The beneficial effects of bee pollen on health result from the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids which possess anti-inflammatory properties, phytosterol and linolenic acid which play an anticancerogenic role, and polysaccharides which stimulate immunological activity. Polyphenols are absorbed in the alimentary tract, metabolised by CYP450 enzymes, and excreted with urine and faeces. Flavonoids and phenolic acids are characterised by high antioxidative potential, which is closely related to their chemical structure. The high antioxidant potential of phenolic acids is due to the presence and location of hydroxyl groups, a carboxyl group in the immediate vicinity of ortho-diphenolic substituents, and the ethylene group between the phenyl ring and the carboxyl group. As regards flavonoids, essential structural elements are hydroxyl groups at the C5 and C7 positions in the A ring, and at the C3′ and C4′ positions in the B ring, and a hydroxyl group at the C3 position in the C ring. Furthermore, both, the double bond between C2 and C3, and a ketone group at the C4 position in the C ring enhance the antioxidative potential of these compounds. Polyphenols have an ideal chemical structure for scavenging free radicals and for creating chelates with metal ions, which makes them effective antioxidants in vivo.http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/20/12/19800bee pollenantioxidantspolyphenolsnatural product |
| spellingShingle | Anna Rzepecka-Stojko Jerzy Stojko Anna Kurek-Górecka Michał Górecki Agata Kabała-Dzik Robert Kubina Aleksandra Moździerz Ewa Buszman Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity Molecules bee pollen antioxidants polyphenols natural product |
| title | Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity |
| title_full | Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity |
| title_fullStr | Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity |
| title_short | Polyphenols from Bee Pollen: Structure, Absorption, Metabolism and Biological Activity |
| title_sort | polyphenols from bee pollen structure absorption metabolism and biological activity |
| topic | bee pollen antioxidants polyphenols natural product |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/20/12/19800 |
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