Association Analysis of Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolites Identifies Key Genes Involved in <i>Iris germanica</i> Anthocyanin Biosynthesis
The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is the main pathway regulating floral coloration in <i>Iris germanica</i>, a well-known ornamental plant. We investigated the transcriptome profiles and targeted metabolites to elucidate the relationship between genes and metabolites in anthocyanin bi...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| author | Xiaojie Zhao Yumeng Wu Xiaoyu Zhang Feng Tian Fang Yu Xue Li Dazhuang Huang |
| author_facet | Xiaojie Zhao Yumeng Wu Xiaoyu Zhang Feng Tian Fang Yu Xue Li Dazhuang Huang |
| author_sort | Xiaojie Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is the main pathway regulating floral coloration in <i>Iris germanica</i>, a well-known ornamental plant. We investigated the transcriptome profiles and targeted metabolites to elucidate the relationship between genes and metabolites in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the bitone flower cultivar ‘Clarence’, which has a deep blue outer perianth and nearly white inner perianth. In this study, delphinidin-, pelargonidin-, and cyanidin-based anthocyanins were detected in the flowers. The content of delphinidin-based anthocyanins increased with the development of the flower. At full bloom (stage 3), delphinidin-based anthocyanins accounted for most of the total anthocyanin metabolites, whereas the content of pelargonidin- and cyanidin-based anthocyanins was relatively low. Based on functional annotations, a number of novel genes in the anthocyanin pathway were identified, which included early biosynthetic genes <i>IgCHS</i>, <i>IgCHI,</i> and <i>IgF3H</i> and late biosynthetic genes <i>Ig F3′5′H</i>, <i>IgANS,</i> and <i>IgDFR</i>. The expression of key structural genes encoding enzymes, such as <i>IgF3H</i>, <i>Ig F3′5′H</i>, <i>IgANS,</i> and <i>IgDFR</i>, was significantly upregulated in the outer perianth compared to the inner perianth. In addition, most structural genes exhibited their highest expression at the half-color stage rather than at the full-bloom stage, which indicates that these genes function ahead of anthocyanins synthesis. Moreover, transcription factors (TFs) of plant R2R3-myeloblastosis (R2R3-MYB) related to the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified. Among 56 R2R3-MYB genes, 2 members belonged to subgroup 4, with them regulating the expression of late biosynthetic genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and 4 members belonged to subgroup 7, with them regulating the expression of early biosynthetic genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to validate the data of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The relative expression profiles of most candidate genes were consistent with the FPKM of RNA-seq. This study identified the key structural genes encoding enzymes and TFs that affect anthocyanin biosynthesis, which provides a basis and reference for the regulation of plant anthocyanin biosynthesis in <i>I. germanica.</i> |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:44:42Z |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | doaj.art-21f7016626b14a02ae9e9ff8ac37bad32023-11-24T14:47:44ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-11-0124221646210.3390/ijms242216462Association Analysis of Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolites Identifies Key Genes Involved in <i>Iris germanica</i> Anthocyanin BiosynthesisXiaojie Zhao0Yumeng Wu1Xiaoyu Zhang2Feng Tian3Fang Yu4Xue Li5Dazhuang Huang6Department of Landscape Architecture, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaDepartment of Landscape Architecture, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Street, Baoding 071001, ChinaThe anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway is the main pathway regulating floral coloration in <i>Iris germanica</i>, a well-known ornamental plant. We investigated the transcriptome profiles and targeted metabolites to elucidate the relationship between genes and metabolites in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the bitone flower cultivar ‘Clarence’, which has a deep blue outer perianth and nearly white inner perianth. In this study, delphinidin-, pelargonidin-, and cyanidin-based anthocyanins were detected in the flowers. The content of delphinidin-based anthocyanins increased with the development of the flower. At full bloom (stage 3), delphinidin-based anthocyanins accounted for most of the total anthocyanin metabolites, whereas the content of pelargonidin- and cyanidin-based anthocyanins was relatively low. Based on functional annotations, a number of novel genes in the anthocyanin pathway were identified, which included early biosynthetic genes <i>IgCHS</i>, <i>IgCHI,</i> and <i>IgF3H</i> and late biosynthetic genes <i>Ig F3′5′H</i>, <i>IgANS,</i> and <i>IgDFR</i>. The expression of key structural genes encoding enzymes, such as <i>IgF3H</i>, <i>Ig F3′5′H</i>, <i>IgANS,</i> and <i>IgDFR</i>, was significantly upregulated in the outer perianth compared to the inner perianth. In addition, most structural genes exhibited their highest expression at the half-color stage rather than at the full-bloom stage, which indicates that these genes function ahead of anthocyanins synthesis. Moreover, transcription factors (TFs) of plant R2R3-myeloblastosis (R2R3-MYB) related to the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis were identified. Among 56 R2R3-MYB genes, 2 members belonged to subgroup 4, with them regulating the expression of late biosynthetic genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, and 4 members belonged to subgroup 7, with them regulating the expression of early biosynthetic genes in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to validate the data of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The relative expression profiles of most candidate genes were consistent with the FPKM of RNA-seq. This study identified the key structural genes encoding enzymes and TFs that affect anthocyanin biosynthesis, which provides a basis and reference for the regulation of plant anthocyanin biosynthesis in <i>I. germanica.</i>https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/22/16462anthocyaninsbitone cultivarflower colorationstructural genesR2R3-MYBassociation analysis |
| spellingShingle | Xiaojie Zhao Yumeng Wu Xiaoyu Zhang Feng Tian Fang Yu Xue Li Dazhuang Huang Association Analysis of Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolites Identifies Key Genes Involved in <i>Iris germanica</i> Anthocyanin Biosynthesis International Journal of Molecular Sciences anthocyanins bitone cultivar flower coloration structural genes R2R3-MYB association analysis |
| title | Association Analysis of Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolites Identifies Key Genes Involved in <i>Iris germanica</i> Anthocyanin Biosynthesis |
| title_full | Association Analysis of Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolites Identifies Key Genes Involved in <i>Iris germanica</i> Anthocyanin Biosynthesis |
| title_fullStr | Association Analysis of Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolites Identifies Key Genes Involved in <i>Iris germanica</i> Anthocyanin Biosynthesis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association Analysis of Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolites Identifies Key Genes Involved in <i>Iris germanica</i> Anthocyanin Biosynthesis |
| title_short | Association Analysis of Transcriptome and Targeted Metabolites Identifies Key Genes Involved in <i>Iris germanica</i> Anthocyanin Biosynthesis |
| title_sort | association analysis of transcriptome and targeted metabolites identifies key genes involved in i iris germanica i anthocyanin biosynthesis |
| topic | anthocyanins bitone cultivar flower coloration structural genes R2R3-MYB association analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/22/16462 |
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