Pockels Effect at the Interface between Water and Ti Electrode
The Pockels coefficient of interfacial water between bulk water and a Ti electrode was estimated from the electroreflectance spectra (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant=&quo...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10284 |
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| author | Shiou Tanimoto Akihiro Okada Takayoshi Kobayashi Eiji Tokunaga |
| author_facet | Shiou Tanimoto Akihiro Okada Takayoshi Kobayashi Eiji Tokunaga |
| author_sort | Shiou Tanimoto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Pockels coefficient of interfacial water between bulk water and a Ti electrode was estimated from the electroreflectance spectra (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mi>R</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) to be <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mn>13</mn></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>150</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> pm/V as the maximum value of magnitude, which is comparable in magnitude to the largest coefficient for electrode interfacial water, i.e., 200 pm/V for interfacial water on a transparent oxide electrode. This Pockels signal increased by a factor of about ±3 by applying a DC bias voltage of ±1 V. The reflectance (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>R</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) of the Ti electrode had a dip structure in the UV region (3.5–4.5 eV) due to the interference of a 14 nm thick surface oxide film, and the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mi>R</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> spectra in aqueous electrolyte solution showed a large reflectance change in the UV region with a dispersive shape due to the contribution of the TiO<sub>2</sub> film. The reproducibility of the electroreflectance experiment was high, suggesting that the surface oxide film contributes to the large Pockels effect of interfacial water and the robustness of the electrode. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-22001a3ddc70480fb833a2af066a34f12023-11-19T09:25:35ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-09-0113181028410.3390/app131810284Pockels Effect at the Interface between Water and Ti ElectrodeShiou Tanimoto0Akihiro Okada1Takayoshi Kobayashi2Eiji Tokunaga3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, JapanCenter for Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu 182-8585, Tokyo, JapanDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, JapanThe Pockels coefficient of interfacial water between bulk water and a Ti electrode was estimated from the electroreflectance spectra (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mi>R</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) to be <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mn>13</mn></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>150</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> pm/V as the maximum value of magnitude, which is comparable in magnitude to the largest coefficient for electrode interfacial water, i.e., 200 pm/V for interfacial water on a transparent oxide electrode. This Pockels signal increased by a factor of about ±3 by applying a DC bias voltage of ±1 V. The reflectance (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi>R</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>) of the Ti electrode had a dip structure in the UV region (3.5–4.5 eV) due to the interference of a 14 nm thick surface oxide film, and the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi><mi>R</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>R</mi></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> spectra in aqueous electrolyte solution showed a large reflectance change in the UV region with a dispersive shape due to the contribution of the TiO<sub>2</sub> film. The reproducibility of the electroreflectance experiment was high, suggesting that the surface oxide film contributes to the large Pockels effect of interfacial water and the robustness of the electrode.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10284interfacial Pockels effectelectric double layerwatertitaniumtitanium dioxidespace charge layer |
| spellingShingle | Shiou Tanimoto Akihiro Okada Takayoshi Kobayashi Eiji Tokunaga Pockels Effect at the Interface between Water and Ti Electrode Applied Sciences interfacial Pockels effect electric double layer water titanium titanium dioxide space charge layer |
| title | Pockels Effect at the Interface between Water and Ti Electrode |
| title_full | Pockels Effect at the Interface between Water and Ti Electrode |
| title_fullStr | Pockels Effect at the Interface between Water and Ti Electrode |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pockels Effect at the Interface between Water and Ti Electrode |
| title_short | Pockels Effect at the Interface between Water and Ti Electrode |
| title_sort | pockels effect at the interface between water and ti electrode |
| topic | interfacial Pockels effect electric double layer water titanium titanium dioxide space charge layer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/18/10284 |
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