Comparison of System of Rice Intensification Applications and Alternatives in India: Agronomic, Economic, Environmental, Energy, and Other Effects
Initial evaluations of the System of Rice Intensification in India and elsewhere focused mainly on its impacts on yield and income, and usually covered just one or two seasons. Researchers at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research have conducted a more comprehensive evaluation of SRI methods ove...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-09-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/10/2492 |
| _version_ | 1797574997457240064 |
|---|---|
| author | Rapolu Mahender Kumar Padmavathi Chintalapati Santosha Rathod Tapeshwar Vidhan Singh Surekha Kuchi Prasad Babu B. B. Mannava Patharath Chandran Latha Nethi Somasekhar Nirmala Bandumula Srinivas Prasad Madamsetty J. V. N. S. Prasad Shanmugam Vijayakumar Dayyala Srinivas Banugu Sreedevi Mangal Deep Tuti Melekote Nagabhushan Arun Banda Sailaja Raman Meenakshi Sundaram |
| author_facet | Rapolu Mahender Kumar Padmavathi Chintalapati Santosha Rathod Tapeshwar Vidhan Singh Surekha Kuchi Prasad Babu B. B. Mannava Patharath Chandran Latha Nethi Somasekhar Nirmala Bandumula Srinivas Prasad Madamsetty J. V. N. S. Prasad Shanmugam Vijayakumar Dayyala Srinivas Banugu Sreedevi Mangal Deep Tuti Melekote Nagabhushan Arun Banda Sailaja Raman Meenakshi Sundaram |
| author_sort | Rapolu Mahender Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Initial evaluations of the System of Rice Intensification in India and elsewhere focused mainly on its impacts on yield and income, and usually covered just one or two seasons. Researchers at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research have conducted a more comprehensive evaluation of SRI methods over six years (six wet and six dry seasons), comparing them with three alternatives: modified, partially mechanized SRI (MSRI) to reduce labor requirements; direct-seeded rice (DSR) as an alternative method for growing rice; and conventional transplanting of rice with flooding of fields (CTF). Grain yield with SRI methods was found to be about 50% higher than with CTF (6.35 t ha<sup>−1</sup> vs. 4.27 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), while the MSRI yield was essentially the same (6.34 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), 16% more than with DSR (5.45 t ha<sup>−1</sup>). Water productivity with SRI methods was 5.32–6.85 kg ha-mm<sup>−1</sup>, followed by 4.14–5.72 kg ha-mm<sup>−1</sup> for MSRI, 5.06–5.11 kg ha-mm<sup>−1</sup> for DSR, and 3.52–4.56 kg ha-mm<sup>−1</sup> for CTF. In comparison with CTF, SRI methods significantly enhanced soil microbial populations over time: bacteria by 12%, fungi by 8%, and actinomycetes by 20%. Biological activity in the rhizosphere was also higher as indicated by 8.5% greater dehydrogenase and 16% more FDA enzymes in soil under SRI management. Similarly, an indicator of soil organic matter, glucosidase activity, was 78% higher compared to CTF. SRI enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial microbial-feeding nematodes by 7.5% compared to CTF, while that of plant-pathogenic nematodes was 7.5% lower under SRI. Relative to conventional methods, SRI management reduced GHG emissions by 21%, while DSR reduced them by 23%, and MSRI by 13%, compared to standard rice-growing practice. Economic analysis showed both gross and net economic returns to be higher with SRI than with the other management systems evaluated. While the six-year study documented many advantages of SRI crop management, it also showed that MSRI is a promising adaptation that provides similar benefits but with lower labor requirements. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:30:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-222ae2a5732345a8b19868f249e455f4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:30:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-222ae2a5732345a8b19868f249e455f42023-11-19T15:20:57ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-09-011310249210.3390/agronomy13102492Comparison of System of Rice Intensification Applications and Alternatives in India: Agronomic, Economic, Environmental, Energy, and Other EffectsRapolu Mahender Kumar0Padmavathi Chintalapati1Santosha Rathod2Tapeshwar Vidhan Singh3Surekha Kuchi4Prasad Babu B. B. Mannava5Patharath Chandran Latha6Nethi Somasekhar7Nirmala Bandumula8Srinivas Prasad Madamsetty9J. V. N. S. Prasad10Shanmugam Vijayakumar11Dayyala Srinivas12Banugu Sreedevi13Mangal Deep Tuti14Melekote Nagabhushan Arun15Banda Sailaja16Raman Meenakshi Sundaram17ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaAll India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santhosh Nagar, Hyderabad 500 059, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaInitial evaluations of the System of Rice Intensification in India and elsewhere focused mainly on its impacts on yield and income, and usually covered just one or two seasons. Researchers at the ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research have conducted a more comprehensive evaluation of SRI methods over six years (six wet and six dry seasons), comparing them with three alternatives: modified, partially mechanized SRI (MSRI) to reduce labor requirements; direct-seeded rice (DSR) as an alternative method for growing rice; and conventional transplanting of rice with flooding of fields (CTF). Grain yield with SRI methods was found to be about 50% higher than with CTF (6.35 t ha<sup>−1</sup> vs. 4.27 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), while the MSRI yield was essentially the same (6.34 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), 16% more than with DSR (5.45 t ha<sup>−1</sup>). Water productivity with SRI methods was 5.32–6.85 kg ha-mm<sup>−1</sup>, followed by 4.14–5.72 kg ha-mm<sup>−1</sup> for MSRI, 5.06–5.11 kg ha-mm<sup>−1</sup> for DSR, and 3.52–4.56 kg ha-mm<sup>−1</sup> for CTF. In comparison with CTF, SRI methods significantly enhanced soil microbial populations over time: bacteria by 12%, fungi by 8%, and actinomycetes by 20%. Biological activity in the rhizosphere was also higher as indicated by 8.5% greater dehydrogenase and 16% more FDA enzymes in soil under SRI management. Similarly, an indicator of soil organic matter, glucosidase activity, was 78% higher compared to CTF. SRI enhanced the relative abundance of beneficial microbial-feeding nematodes by 7.5% compared to CTF, while that of plant-pathogenic nematodes was 7.5% lower under SRI. Relative to conventional methods, SRI management reduced GHG emissions by 21%, while DSR reduced them by 23%, and MSRI by 13%, compared to standard rice-growing practice. Economic analysis showed both gross and net economic returns to be higher with SRI than with the other management systems evaluated. While the six-year study documented many advantages of SRI crop management, it also showed that MSRI is a promising adaptation that provides similar benefits but with lower labor requirements.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/10/2492climate resiliencecrop establishment methodsgreenhouse gas emissionsmechanical transplantingricesoil nematodes |
| spellingShingle | Rapolu Mahender Kumar Padmavathi Chintalapati Santosha Rathod Tapeshwar Vidhan Singh Surekha Kuchi Prasad Babu B. B. Mannava Patharath Chandran Latha Nethi Somasekhar Nirmala Bandumula Srinivas Prasad Madamsetty J. V. N. S. Prasad Shanmugam Vijayakumar Dayyala Srinivas Banugu Sreedevi Mangal Deep Tuti Melekote Nagabhushan Arun Banda Sailaja Raman Meenakshi Sundaram Comparison of System of Rice Intensification Applications and Alternatives in India: Agronomic, Economic, Environmental, Energy, and Other Effects Agronomy climate resilience crop establishment methods greenhouse gas emissions mechanical transplanting rice soil nematodes |
| title | Comparison of System of Rice Intensification Applications and Alternatives in India: Agronomic, Economic, Environmental, Energy, and Other Effects |
| title_full | Comparison of System of Rice Intensification Applications and Alternatives in India: Agronomic, Economic, Environmental, Energy, and Other Effects |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of System of Rice Intensification Applications and Alternatives in India: Agronomic, Economic, Environmental, Energy, and Other Effects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of System of Rice Intensification Applications and Alternatives in India: Agronomic, Economic, Environmental, Energy, and Other Effects |
| title_short | Comparison of System of Rice Intensification Applications and Alternatives in India: Agronomic, Economic, Environmental, Energy, and Other Effects |
| title_sort | comparison of system of rice intensification applications and alternatives in india agronomic economic environmental energy and other effects |
| topic | climate resilience crop establishment methods greenhouse gas emissions mechanical transplanting rice soil nematodes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/10/2492 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rapolumahenderkumar comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT padmavathichintalapati comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT santosharathod comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT tapeshwarvidhansingh comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT surekhakuchi comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT prasadbabubbmannava comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT patharathchandranlatha comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT nethisomasekhar comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT nirmalabandumula comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT srinivasprasadmadamsetty comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT jvnsprasad comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT shanmugamvijayakumar comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT dayyalasrinivas comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT banugusreedevi comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT mangaldeeptuti comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT melekotenagabhushanarun comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT bandasailaja comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects AT ramanmeenakshisundaram comparisonofsystemofriceintensificationapplicationsandalternativesinindiaagronomiceconomicenvironmentalenergyandothereffects |