Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Multiparametric Probe for Coastal Area Monitoring
The monitoring of the coastal environment is a crucial factor in ensuring its proper management. Nevertheless, existing monitoring technologies are limited due to their cost, temporal resolution, and maintenance needs. Therefore, limited data are available for coastal environments. In this paper, we...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1871 |
| _version_ | 1797618257598873600 |
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| author | Lorena Parra Sandra Viciano-Tudela David Carrasco Sandra Sendra Jaime Lloret |
| author_facet | Lorena Parra Sandra Viciano-Tudela David Carrasco Sandra Sendra Jaime Lloret |
| author_sort | Lorena Parra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The monitoring of the coastal environment is a crucial factor in ensuring its proper management. Nevertheless, existing monitoring technologies are limited due to their cost, temporal resolution, and maintenance needs. Therefore, limited data are available for coastal environments. In this paper, we present a low-cost multiparametric probe that can be deployed in coastal areas and integrated into a wireless sensor network to send data to a database. The multiparametric probe is composed of physical sensors capable of measuring water temperature, salinity, and total suspended solids (TSS). The node can store the data in an SD card or send them. A real-time clock is used to tag the data and to ensure data gathering every hour, putting the node in deep sleep mode in the meantime. The physical sensors for salinity and TSS are created for this probe and calibrated. The calibration results indicate that no effect of temperature is found for both sensors and no interference of salinity in the measuring of TSS or vice versa. The obtained calibration model for salinity is characterised by a correlation coefficient of 0.9 and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.74 g/L. Meanwhile, different calibration models for TSS were obtained based on using different light wavelengths. The best case was using a simple regression model with blue light. The model is characterised by a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and an MAE of 12 mg/L. When both infrared and blue light are used to prevent the effect of different particle sizes, the determination coefficient of 0.98 and an MAE of 57 mg/L characterised the multiple regression model. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:11:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2238794680074f7c8cf0ad5fe5ac86a3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:11:34Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-2238794680074f7c8cf0ad5fe5ac86a32023-11-16T23:07:15ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-02-01234187110.3390/s23041871Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Multiparametric Probe for Coastal Area MonitoringLorena Parra0Sandra Viciano-Tudela1David Carrasco2Sandra Sendra3Jaime Lloret4Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Paranimf, 1, 46730 Valencia, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Paranimf, 1, 46730 Valencia, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Paranimf, 1, 46730 Valencia, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Paranimf, 1, 46730 Valencia, SpainInstituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras, Universitat Politècnica de València, C/Paranimf, 1, 46730 Valencia, SpainThe monitoring of the coastal environment is a crucial factor in ensuring its proper management. Nevertheless, existing monitoring technologies are limited due to their cost, temporal resolution, and maintenance needs. Therefore, limited data are available for coastal environments. In this paper, we present a low-cost multiparametric probe that can be deployed in coastal areas and integrated into a wireless sensor network to send data to a database. The multiparametric probe is composed of physical sensors capable of measuring water temperature, salinity, and total suspended solids (TSS). The node can store the data in an SD card or send them. A real-time clock is used to tag the data and to ensure data gathering every hour, putting the node in deep sleep mode in the meantime. The physical sensors for salinity and TSS are created for this probe and calibrated. The calibration results indicate that no effect of temperature is found for both sensors and no interference of salinity in the measuring of TSS or vice versa. The obtained calibration model for salinity is characterised by a correlation coefficient of 0.9 and a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.74 g/L. Meanwhile, different calibration models for TSS were obtained based on using different light wavelengths. The best case was using a simple regression model with blue light. The model is characterised by a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and an MAE of 12 mg/L. When both infrared and blue light are used to prevent the effect of different particle sizes, the determination coefficient of 0.98 and an MAE of 57 mg/L characterised the multiple regression model.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1871water qualitysalinitytotal dissolved solidsphysical sensorinductive coilslight abortion |
| spellingShingle | Lorena Parra Sandra Viciano-Tudela David Carrasco Sandra Sendra Jaime Lloret Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Multiparametric Probe for Coastal Area Monitoring Sensors water quality salinity total dissolved solids physical sensor inductive coils light abortion |
| title | Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Multiparametric Probe for Coastal Area Monitoring |
| title_full | Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Multiparametric Probe for Coastal Area Monitoring |
| title_fullStr | Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Multiparametric Probe for Coastal Area Monitoring |
| title_full_unstemmed | Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Multiparametric Probe for Coastal Area Monitoring |
| title_short | Low-Cost Microcontroller-Based Multiparametric Probe for Coastal Area Monitoring |
| title_sort | low cost microcontroller based multiparametric probe for coastal area monitoring |
| topic | water quality salinity total dissolved solids physical sensor inductive coils light abortion |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1871 |
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