Glyphosate Resistance in <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> in Brazilian Citrus Orchards
Glyphosate is the main tool for weed management in Brazilian citrus orchards, where weeds, such as <i>Conyza bonariensis</i> and <i>Digitaria insularis</i>, have been found with resistance to this herbicide. Field prospections have allowed the identification of a possible new...
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MDPI AG
2020-07-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/7/304 |
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| author | Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz Gabriel da Silva Amaral Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira Luiz Renato Rufino Fernando Alves de Azevedo Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva |
| author_facet | Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz Gabriel da Silva Amaral Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira Luiz Renato Rufino Fernando Alves de Azevedo Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva |
| author_sort | Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glyphosate is the main tool for weed management in Brazilian citrus orchards, where weeds, such as <i>Conyza bonariensis</i> and <i>Digitaria insularis</i>, have been found with resistance to this herbicide. Field prospections have allowed the identification of a possible new case of glyphosate resistance. In this work, the susceptibility levels to glyphosate on three <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> L. populations, with suspected resistance (R1, R2, and R-IAC), collected in citrus orchards from the São Paulo State, Brazil, as well as their accumulation rates of shikimic acid, were determined. The fresh weight of the susceptible population (S) was reduced by 50% (GR<sub>50</sub>) with ~30 g ea ha<sup>−1</sup> glyphosate, while the GR<sub>50</sub> values of the R populations were between 5.4 and 11.3 times higher than that for S population. The LD<sub>50</sub> (herbicide dose to kill 50% of individuals of a weed population) values of the S population were ≤150 g ea ha<sup>−1</sup> glyphosate, while the LD<sub>50</sub> of the R populations ranged from 600 to 920 g ea ha<sup>−1</sup>. Based on the reduction of fresh weight and the survival rate, the R1 population showed the highest level of glyphosate resistance, which had GR<sub>50</sub> and LD<sub>50</sub> values of 248 and 918 g ea ha<sup>−1</sup> glyphosate, respectively. The S population accumulated 240 µg shikimic acid at 1000 µM glyphosate, while the R1, R2, and R-IAC populations accumulated only 16, 43, and 33 µg shikimic acid, respectively (between 5.6 to 15 times less than the S population). Enzyme activity assays suggested that at least one target site-type mechanism was involved in resistance. This result revealed the first report of glyphosate resistance in <i>A. viridis</i> reported in the world. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:21:39Z |
| format | Article |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T18:21:39Z |
| publishDate | 2020-07-01 |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-2261316e3c284ff99d9b8ec1b0c36aca2023-11-20T07:17:09ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722020-07-0110730410.3390/agriculture10070304Glyphosate Resistance in <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> in Brazilian Citrus OrchardsRicardo Alcántara-de la Cruz0Gabriel da Silva Amaral1Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira2Luiz Renato Rufino3Fernando Alves de Azevedo4Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho5Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva6Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, BrazilDepartamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, BrazilCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, BrazilCentro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São Carlos—Campus Araras, Araras 13604-900, BrazilCentro de Citricultura “Sylvio Moreira”, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), Cordeirópolis 13490-970, BrazilSchool of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, BrazilDepartamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, BrazilGlyphosate is the main tool for weed management in Brazilian citrus orchards, where weeds, such as <i>Conyza bonariensis</i> and <i>Digitaria insularis</i>, have been found with resistance to this herbicide. Field prospections have allowed the identification of a possible new case of glyphosate resistance. In this work, the susceptibility levels to glyphosate on three <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> L. populations, with suspected resistance (R1, R2, and R-IAC), collected in citrus orchards from the São Paulo State, Brazil, as well as their accumulation rates of shikimic acid, were determined. The fresh weight of the susceptible population (S) was reduced by 50% (GR<sub>50</sub>) with ~30 g ea ha<sup>−1</sup> glyphosate, while the GR<sub>50</sub> values of the R populations were between 5.4 and 11.3 times higher than that for S population. The LD<sub>50</sub> (herbicide dose to kill 50% of individuals of a weed population) values of the S population were ≤150 g ea ha<sup>−1</sup> glyphosate, while the LD<sub>50</sub> of the R populations ranged from 600 to 920 g ea ha<sup>−1</sup>. Based on the reduction of fresh weight and the survival rate, the R1 population showed the highest level of glyphosate resistance, which had GR<sub>50</sub> and LD<sub>50</sub> values of 248 and 918 g ea ha<sup>−1</sup> glyphosate, respectively. The S population accumulated 240 µg shikimic acid at 1000 µM glyphosate, while the R1, R2, and R-IAC populations accumulated only 16, 43, and 33 µg shikimic acid, respectively (between 5.6 to 15 times less than the S population). Enzyme activity assays suggested that at least one target site-type mechanism was involved in resistance. This result revealed the first report of glyphosate resistance in <i>A. viridis</i> reported in the world.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/7/304dose-responseenzyme activityherbicide resistanceshikimic acidslender amaranth |
| spellingShingle | Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz Gabriel da Silva Amaral Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira Luiz Renato Rufino Fernando Alves de Azevedo Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva Glyphosate Resistance in <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> in Brazilian Citrus Orchards Agriculture dose-response enzyme activity herbicide resistance shikimic acid slender amaranth |
| title | Glyphosate Resistance in <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> in Brazilian Citrus Orchards |
| title_full | Glyphosate Resistance in <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> in Brazilian Citrus Orchards |
| title_fullStr | Glyphosate Resistance in <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> in Brazilian Citrus Orchards |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glyphosate Resistance in <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> in Brazilian Citrus Orchards |
| title_short | Glyphosate Resistance in <i>Amaranthus viridis</i> in Brazilian Citrus Orchards |
| title_sort | glyphosate resistance in i amaranthus viridis i in brazilian citrus orchards |
| topic | dose-response enzyme activity herbicide resistance shikimic acid slender amaranth |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/7/304 |
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