Hyper-theory-of-mind in children with Psychotic Experiences.
<h4>Background</h4>Alterations in Theory-of-Mind (ToM) are associated with psychotic disorder. In addition, studies in children have documented that alterations in ToM are associated with Psychotic Experiences (PE). Our aim was to examine associations between an exaggerated type of ToM (...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2014-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113082 |
| _version_ | 1818589783555833856 |
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| author | Lars Clemmensen Jim van Os Anne Mette Skovgaard Mette Væver Els M A Blijd-Hoogewys Agna A Bartels-Velthuis Pia Jeppesen |
| author_facet | Lars Clemmensen Jim van Os Anne Mette Skovgaard Mette Væver Els M A Blijd-Hoogewys Agna A Bartels-Velthuis Pia Jeppesen |
| author_sort | Lars Clemmensen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>Alterations in Theory-of-Mind (ToM) are associated with psychotic disorder. In addition, studies in children have documented that alterations in ToM are associated with Psychotic Experiences (PE). Our aim was to examine associations between an exaggerated type of ToM (HyperToM) and PE in children. Children with this type of alteration in ToM infer mental states when none are obviously suggested, and predict behaviour on the basis of these erroneous beliefs. Individuals with HyperToM do not appear to have a conceptual deficit (i.e. lack of representational abilities), but rather they apply their theory of the minds of others in an incorrect or biased way.<h4>Method</h4>Hypotheses were tested in two studies with two independent samples: (i) a general population sample of 1630 Danish children aged 11-12 years, (ii) a population-based sample of 259 Dutch children aged 12-13 years, pertaining to a case-control sampling frame of children with auditory verbal hallucinations. Multinomial regression analyses were carried out to investigate the associations between PE and ToM and HyperToM respectively. Analyses were adjusted for gender and proxy measures of general intelligence.<h4>Results</h4>Low ToM score was significantly associated with PE in sample I (OR = 1.6 95%CI 1.1-2.3 χ2(4) = 12.42 p = 0.010), but not in sample II (OR = 0.9 95%CI 0.5-1.8 χ2(3) = 7.13 p = 0.816). HyperToM was significantly associated with PE both in sample I (OR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.2-2.7 χ2(3) = 10.11 p = 0.006) and II (OR = 4.6, 95%CI 1.3-16.2 χ2(2) = 7.56 p = 0.018). HyperToM was associated particularly with paranoid delusions in both sample I (OR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1-3.7% χ2(4) = 9.93 p = 0.021) and II (OR = 6.2 95%CI: 1.7-23.6% χ2(4) = 9.90 p = 0.044).<h4>Conclusion</h4>Specific alterations in ToM may be associated with specific types of psychotic experiences. HyperToM may index risk for developing psychosis and paranoid delusions in particular. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-16T09:46:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2278db85b9184842a0bf8d47b2750eca |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-16T09:46:08Z |
| publishDate | 2014-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-2278db85b9184842a0bf8d47b2750eca2022-12-21T22:36:09ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032014-01-01911e11308210.1371/journal.pone.0113082Hyper-theory-of-mind in children with Psychotic Experiences.Lars ClemmensenJim van OsAnne Mette SkovgaardMette VæverEls M A Blijd-HoogewysAgna A Bartels-VelthuisPia Jeppesen<h4>Background</h4>Alterations in Theory-of-Mind (ToM) are associated with psychotic disorder. In addition, studies in children have documented that alterations in ToM are associated with Psychotic Experiences (PE). Our aim was to examine associations between an exaggerated type of ToM (HyperToM) and PE in children. Children with this type of alteration in ToM infer mental states when none are obviously suggested, and predict behaviour on the basis of these erroneous beliefs. Individuals with HyperToM do not appear to have a conceptual deficit (i.e. lack of representational abilities), but rather they apply their theory of the minds of others in an incorrect or biased way.<h4>Method</h4>Hypotheses were tested in two studies with two independent samples: (i) a general population sample of 1630 Danish children aged 11-12 years, (ii) a population-based sample of 259 Dutch children aged 12-13 years, pertaining to a case-control sampling frame of children with auditory verbal hallucinations. Multinomial regression analyses were carried out to investigate the associations between PE and ToM and HyperToM respectively. Analyses were adjusted for gender and proxy measures of general intelligence.<h4>Results</h4>Low ToM score was significantly associated with PE in sample I (OR = 1.6 95%CI 1.1-2.3 χ2(4) = 12.42 p = 0.010), but not in sample II (OR = 0.9 95%CI 0.5-1.8 χ2(3) = 7.13 p = 0.816). HyperToM was significantly associated with PE both in sample I (OR = 1.8, 95%CI 1.2-2.7 χ2(3) = 10.11 p = 0.006) and II (OR = 4.6, 95%CI 1.3-16.2 χ2(2) = 7.56 p = 0.018). HyperToM was associated particularly with paranoid delusions in both sample I (OR = 2.0, 95%CI: 1.1-3.7% χ2(4) = 9.93 p = 0.021) and II (OR = 6.2 95%CI: 1.7-23.6% χ2(4) = 9.90 p = 0.044).<h4>Conclusion</h4>Specific alterations in ToM may be associated with specific types of psychotic experiences. HyperToM may index risk for developing psychosis and paranoid delusions in particular.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113082 |
| spellingShingle | Lars Clemmensen Jim van Os Anne Mette Skovgaard Mette Væver Els M A Blijd-Hoogewys Agna A Bartels-Velthuis Pia Jeppesen Hyper-theory-of-mind in children with Psychotic Experiences. PLoS ONE |
| title | Hyper-theory-of-mind in children with Psychotic Experiences. |
| title_full | Hyper-theory-of-mind in children with Psychotic Experiences. |
| title_fullStr | Hyper-theory-of-mind in children with Psychotic Experiences. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hyper-theory-of-mind in children with Psychotic Experiences. |
| title_short | Hyper-theory-of-mind in children with Psychotic Experiences. |
| title_sort | hyper theory of mind in children with psychotic experiences |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113082 |
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