Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease
The meninges are the fibrous covering of the central nervous system (CNS) which contain vastly heterogeneous cell types within its three layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia). The dural compartment of the meninges, closest to the skull, is predominantly composed of fibroblasts, but also includes fenestr...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.703944/full |
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| author | Julia Derk Hannah E. Jones Hannah E. Jones Christina Como Christina Como Bradley Pawlikowski Julie A. Siegenthaler Julie A. Siegenthaler Julie A. Siegenthaler |
| author_facet | Julia Derk Hannah E. Jones Hannah E. Jones Christina Como Christina Como Bradley Pawlikowski Julie A. Siegenthaler Julie A. Siegenthaler Julie A. Siegenthaler |
| author_sort | Julia Derk |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The meninges are the fibrous covering of the central nervous system (CNS) which contain vastly heterogeneous cell types within its three layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia). The dural compartment of the meninges, closest to the skull, is predominantly composed of fibroblasts, but also includes fenestrated blood vasculature, an elaborate lymphatic system, as well as immune cells which are distinct from the CNS. Segregating the outer and inner meningeal compartments is the epithelial-like arachnoid barrier cells, connected by tight and adherens junctions, which regulate the movement of pathogens, molecules, and cells into and out of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma. Most proximate to the brain is the collagen and basement membrane-rich pia matter that abuts the glial limitans and has recently be shown to have regional heterogeneity within the developing mouse brain. While the meninges were historically seen as a purely structural support for the CNS and protection from trauma, the emerging view of the meninges is as an essential interface between the CNS and the periphery, critical to brain development, required for brain homeostasis, and involved in a variety of diseases. In this review, we will summarize what is known regarding the development, specification, and maturation of the meninges during homeostatic conditions and discuss the rapidly emerging evidence that specific meningeal cell compartments play differential and important roles in the pathophysiology of a myriad of diseases including: multiple sclerosis, dementia, stroke, viral/bacterial meningitis, traumatic brain injury, and cancer. We will conclude with a list of major questions and mechanisms that remain unknown, the study of which represent new, future directions for the field of meninges biology. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T09:29:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-228b4260c6494b4c865033dcaafaf6c9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5102 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T09:29:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-228b4260c6494b4c865033dcaafaf6c92022-12-21T19:08:47ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience1662-51022021-07-011510.3389/fncel.2021.703944703944Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and DiseaseJulia Derk0Hannah E. Jones1Hannah E. Jones2Christina Como3Christina Como4Bradley Pawlikowski5Julie A. Siegenthaler6Julie A. Siegenthaler7Julie A. Siegenthaler8Section of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United StatesSection of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United StatesCell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United StatesSection of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United StatesNeuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United StatesSection of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United StatesSection of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United StatesCell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United StatesNeuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United StatesThe meninges are the fibrous covering of the central nervous system (CNS) which contain vastly heterogeneous cell types within its three layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia). The dural compartment of the meninges, closest to the skull, is predominantly composed of fibroblasts, but also includes fenestrated blood vasculature, an elaborate lymphatic system, as well as immune cells which are distinct from the CNS. Segregating the outer and inner meningeal compartments is the epithelial-like arachnoid barrier cells, connected by tight and adherens junctions, which regulate the movement of pathogens, molecules, and cells into and out of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and brain parenchyma. Most proximate to the brain is the collagen and basement membrane-rich pia matter that abuts the glial limitans and has recently be shown to have regional heterogeneity within the developing mouse brain. While the meninges were historically seen as a purely structural support for the CNS and protection from trauma, the emerging view of the meninges is as an essential interface between the CNS and the periphery, critical to brain development, required for brain homeostasis, and involved in a variety of diseases. In this review, we will summarize what is known regarding the development, specification, and maturation of the meninges during homeostatic conditions and discuss the rapidly emerging evidence that specific meningeal cell compartments play differential and important roles in the pathophysiology of a myriad of diseases including: multiple sclerosis, dementia, stroke, viral/bacterial meningitis, traumatic brain injury, and cancer. We will conclude with a list of major questions and mechanisms that remain unknown, the study of which represent new, future directions for the field of meninges biology.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.703944/fullmeningesfibroblastmeningeal lymphatic systemarachnoid barrierblood-CSF barrierborder-associated macrophages |
| spellingShingle | Julia Derk Hannah E. Jones Hannah E. Jones Christina Como Christina Como Bradley Pawlikowski Julie A. Siegenthaler Julie A. Siegenthaler Julie A. Siegenthaler Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience meninges fibroblast meningeal lymphatic system arachnoid barrier blood-CSF barrier border-associated macrophages |
| title | Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease |
| title_full | Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease |
| title_fullStr | Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease |
| title_short | Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease |
| title_sort | living on the edge of the cns meninges cell diversity in health and disease |
| topic | meninges fibroblast meningeal lymphatic system arachnoid barrier blood-CSF barrier border-associated macrophages |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.703944/full |
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