Layer-Like Zeolite X as Catalyst in a Knoevenagel Condensation: The Effect of Different Preparation Pathways and Cation Exchange
This study is dedicated to the comparative investigation of the catalytic activity of layer-like Faujasite-type (FAU) zeolite X obtained from three different synthesis routes (additive-free route, Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> route, and TPOAC route) in a liquid-phase Knoevena...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/4/474 |
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| author | Jan-Paul Grass Katharina Klühspies Bastian Reiprich Wilhelm Schwieger Alexandra Inayat |
| author_facet | Jan-Paul Grass Katharina Klühspies Bastian Reiprich Wilhelm Schwieger Alexandra Inayat |
| author_sort | Jan-Paul Grass |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study is dedicated to the comparative investigation of the catalytic activity of layer-like Faujasite-type (FAU) zeolite X obtained from three different synthesis routes (additive-free route, Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> route, and TPOAC route) in a liquid-phase Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate to ethyl trans-α-cyanocinnamate. It is shown that the charge-balancing cations (Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>) and the morphological properties have a strong influence on the apparent reaction rate and degree of conversion. The highest initial reaction rate could be found for the layer-like zeolite X synthesised by the additive-free route in the potassium form. In most cases, the potassium-exchanged zeolites enabled higher maximum conversions and higher reaction rates compared to the zeolite X catalysts in sodium form. However, very thin crystal plates (below 100 nm thickness), similar to those obtained in the presence of TPOAC, did not withstand the multiple aqueous ion exchange procedure, with the remaining coarse crystals facilitating less enhancement of the catalytic activity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:32:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-22d45d217b2e41ddba68032716d21d68 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:32:36Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Catalysts |
| spelling | doaj.art-22d45d217b2e41ddba68032716d21d682023-11-21T14:30:32ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442021-04-0111447410.3390/catal11040474Layer-Like Zeolite X as Catalyst in a Knoevenagel Condensation: The Effect of Different Preparation Pathways and Cation ExchangeJan-Paul Grass0Katharina Klühspies1Bastian Reiprich2Wilhelm Schwieger3Alexandra Inayat4Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyInstitute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyInstitute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyInstitute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyInstitute of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, GermanyThis study is dedicated to the comparative investigation of the catalytic activity of layer-like Faujasite-type (FAU) zeolite X obtained from three different synthesis routes (additive-free route, Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> route, and TPOAC route) in a liquid-phase Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate to ethyl trans-α-cyanocinnamate. It is shown that the charge-balancing cations (Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup>) and the morphological properties have a strong influence on the apparent reaction rate and degree of conversion. The highest initial reaction rate could be found for the layer-like zeolite X synthesised by the additive-free route in the potassium form. In most cases, the potassium-exchanged zeolites enabled higher maximum conversions and higher reaction rates compared to the zeolite X catalysts in sodium form. However, very thin crystal plates (below 100 nm thickness), similar to those obtained in the presence of TPOAC, did not withstand the multiple aqueous ion exchange procedure, with the remaining coarse crystals facilitating less enhancement of the catalytic activity.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/4/474zeolite Xmorphological modificationlayer-like zeolitesion exchangeKnoevenagel condensationheterogeneous catalysis |
| spellingShingle | Jan-Paul Grass Katharina Klühspies Bastian Reiprich Wilhelm Schwieger Alexandra Inayat Layer-Like Zeolite X as Catalyst in a Knoevenagel Condensation: The Effect of Different Preparation Pathways and Cation Exchange Catalysts zeolite X morphological modification layer-like zeolites ion exchange Knoevenagel condensation heterogeneous catalysis |
| title | Layer-Like Zeolite X as Catalyst in a Knoevenagel Condensation: The Effect of Different Preparation Pathways and Cation Exchange |
| title_full | Layer-Like Zeolite X as Catalyst in a Knoevenagel Condensation: The Effect of Different Preparation Pathways and Cation Exchange |
| title_fullStr | Layer-Like Zeolite X as Catalyst in a Knoevenagel Condensation: The Effect of Different Preparation Pathways and Cation Exchange |
| title_full_unstemmed | Layer-Like Zeolite X as Catalyst in a Knoevenagel Condensation: The Effect of Different Preparation Pathways and Cation Exchange |
| title_short | Layer-Like Zeolite X as Catalyst in a Knoevenagel Condensation: The Effect of Different Preparation Pathways and Cation Exchange |
| title_sort | layer like zeolite x as catalyst in a knoevenagel condensation the effect of different preparation pathways and cation exchange |
| topic | zeolite X morphological modification layer-like zeolites ion exchange Knoevenagel condensation heterogeneous catalysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/11/4/474 |
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