The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample
Objectives: Some autistic people “camouflage” their differences by modeling neurotypical behaviors to survive in a neurotypical-dominant social world. It remains elusive whether camouflaging is unique to autism or if it entails similar experiences across human groups as part of ubiquitous impression...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2024-01-01
|
| Series: | Comprehensive Psychiatry |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X23000718 |
| _version_ | 1827591248262725632 |
|---|---|
| author | Wei Ai William A. Cunningham Meng-Chuan Lai |
| author_facet | Wei Ai William A. Cunningham Meng-Chuan Lai |
| author_sort | Wei Ai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives: Some autistic people “camouflage” their differences by modeling neurotypical behaviors to survive in a neurotypical-dominant social world. It remains elusive whether camouflaging is unique to autism or if it entails similar experiences across human groups as part of ubiquitous impression management (IM). Here we examined camouflaging engagement and theoretical drivers in the general population, drawing on the transactional IM framework and contextualizing findings within both contemporary autism research and the past IM literature. Methods: A large representative U.S. general population sample (N = 972) completed this survey study. We combined exploratory item factor analysis and graph analysis to triangulate the dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and examined its correspondence with prior autism-enriched psychometric findings. We then employed hierarchical regression and elastic-net regression to identify the predictors of camouflaging, including demographic (e.g., age, gender), neurodivergence (i.e., autistic and ADHD traits), socio-motivational, and cognitive factors. Results: We found a three-factor/dimensional structure of the CAT-Q in the general population, nearly identical to that found in previous autism-enriched samples. Significant socio-motivational predictors of camouflaging included greater social comparison, greater public self-consciousness, greater internalized social stigma, and greater social anxiety. These camouflaging drivers overlap with findings in recent autistic camouflaging studies and prior IM research. Conclusions: The novel psychometric and socio-motivational evidence demonstrates camouflaging as a shared social coping experience across the general population, including autistic people. This continuity guides a clearer understanding of camouflaging and has key implications for autism scholars, clinicians, and the broader clinical intersecting with social psychology research. Future research areas are mapped to elucidate how camouflaging/IM manifests and functions within person-environment transactions across social-identity and clinical groups. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:29:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-22da3819181b4c51bad622022d1cdfa4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0010-440X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:29:06Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Comprehensive Psychiatry |
| spelling | doaj.art-22da3819181b4c51bad622022d1cdfa42023-12-10T06:13:35ZengElsevierComprehensive Psychiatry0010-440X2024-01-01128152434The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sampleWei Ai0William A. Cunningham1Meng-Chuan Lai2Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, CanadaDepartment of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, CanadaDepartment of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100229, Taiwan; Corresponding author at: 80 Workman Way, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada.Objectives: Some autistic people “camouflage” their differences by modeling neurotypical behaviors to survive in a neurotypical-dominant social world. It remains elusive whether camouflaging is unique to autism or if it entails similar experiences across human groups as part of ubiquitous impression management (IM). Here we examined camouflaging engagement and theoretical drivers in the general population, drawing on the transactional IM framework and contextualizing findings within both contemporary autism research and the past IM literature. Methods: A large representative U.S. general population sample (N = 972) completed this survey study. We combined exploratory item factor analysis and graph analysis to triangulate the dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and examined its correspondence with prior autism-enriched psychometric findings. We then employed hierarchical regression and elastic-net regression to identify the predictors of camouflaging, including demographic (e.g., age, gender), neurodivergence (i.e., autistic and ADHD traits), socio-motivational, and cognitive factors. Results: We found a three-factor/dimensional structure of the CAT-Q in the general population, nearly identical to that found in previous autism-enriched samples. Significant socio-motivational predictors of camouflaging included greater social comparison, greater public self-consciousness, greater internalized social stigma, and greater social anxiety. These camouflaging drivers overlap with findings in recent autistic camouflaging studies and prior IM research. Conclusions: The novel psychometric and socio-motivational evidence demonstrates camouflaging as a shared social coping experience across the general population, including autistic people. This continuity guides a clearer understanding of camouflaging and has key implications for autism scholars, clinicians, and the broader clinical intersecting with social psychology research. Future research areas are mapped to elucidate how camouflaging/IM manifests and functions within person-environment transactions across social-identity and clinical groups.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X23000718autismcamouflagingimpression managementpsychometricsocio-motivational predictorscognitive predictors |
| spellingShingle | Wei Ai William A. Cunningham Meng-Chuan Lai The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample Comprehensive Psychiatry autism camouflaging impression management psychometric socio-motivational predictors cognitive predictors |
| title | The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample |
| title_full | The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample |
| title_fullStr | The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample |
| title_full_unstemmed | The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample |
| title_short | The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample |
| title_sort | dimensional structure of the camouflaging autistic traits questionnaire cat q and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample |
| topic | autism camouflaging impression management psychometric socio-motivational predictors cognitive predictors |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X23000718 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT weiai thedimensionalstructureofthecamouflagingautistictraitsquestionnairecatqandpredictorsofcamouflaginginarepresentativegeneralpopulationsample AT williamacunningham thedimensionalstructureofthecamouflagingautistictraitsquestionnairecatqandpredictorsofcamouflaginginarepresentativegeneralpopulationsample AT mengchuanlai thedimensionalstructureofthecamouflagingautistictraitsquestionnairecatqandpredictorsofcamouflaginginarepresentativegeneralpopulationsample AT weiai dimensionalstructureofthecamouflagingautistictraitsquestionnairecatqandpredictorsofcamouflaginginarepresentativegeneralpopulationsample AT williamacunningham dimensionalstructureofthecamouflagingautistictraitsquestionnairecatqandpredictorsofcamouflaginginarepresentativegeneralpopulationsample AT mengchuanlai dimensionalstructureofthecamouflagingautistictraitsquestionnairecatqandpredictorsofcamouflaginginarepresentativegeneralpopulationsample |