Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling
<p>The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span>) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2020-03-01
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| Series: | Biogeosciences |
| Online Access: | https://www.biogeosciences.net/17/1583/2020/bg-17-1583-2020.pdf |
| _version_ | 1818437784294129664 |
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| author | C. R. Flechard A. Ibrom U. M. Skiba W. de Vries M. van Oijen D. R. Cameron N. B. Dise J. F. J. Korhonen J. F. J. Korhonen N. Buchmann A. Legout D. Simpson D. Simpson M. J. Sanz M. Aubinet D. Loustau L. Montagnani L. Montagnani J. Neirynck I. A. Janssens M. Pihlatie M. Pihlatie R. Kiese J. Siemens A.-J. Francez J. Augustin A. Varlagin J. Olejnik J. Olejnik R. Juszczak M. Aurela D. Berveiller B. H. Chojnicki U. Dämmgen N. Delpierre V. Djuricic J. Drewer E. Dufrêne W. Eugster Y. Fauvel D. Fowler A. Frumau A. Granier P. Gross Y. Hamon C. Helfter A. Hensen L. Horváth B. Kitzler B. Kruijt W. L. Kutsch R. Lobo-do-Vale A. Lohila A. Lohila B. Longdoz M. V. Marek G. Matteucci M. Mitosinkova V. Moreaux V. Moreaux A. Neftel J.-M. Ourcival K. Pilegaard G. Pita F. Sanz J. K. Schjoerring M.-T. Sebastià M.-T. Sebastià Y. S. Tang H. Uggerud M. Urbaniak N. van Dijk T. Vesala T. Vesala S. Vidic C. Vincke T. Weidinger S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern K. Butterbach-Bahl E. Nemitz M. A. Sutton |
| author_facet | C. R. Flechard A. Ibrom U. M. Skiba W. de Vries M. van Oijen D. R. Cameron N. B. Dise J. F. J. Korhonen J. F. J. Korhonen N. Buchmann A. Legout D. Simpson D. Simpson M. J. Sanz M. Aubinet D. Loustau L. Montagnani L. Montagnani J. Neirynck I. A. Janssens M. Pihlatie M. Pihlatie R. Kiese J. Siemens A.-J. Francez J. Augustin A. Varlagin J. Olejnik J. Olejnik R. Juszczak M. Aurela D. Berveiller B. H. Chojnicki U. Dämmgen N. Delpierre V. Djuricic J. Drewer E. Dufrêne W. Eugster Y. Fauvel D. Fowler A. Frumau A. Granier P. Gross Y. Hamon C. Helfter A. Hensen L. Horváth B. Kitzler B. Kruijt W. L. Kutsch R. Lobo-do-Vale A. Lohila A. Lohila B. Longdoz M. V. Marek G. Matteucci M. Mitosinkova V. Moreaux V. Moreaux A. Neftel J.-M. Ourcival K. Pilegaard G. Pita F. Sanz J. K. Schjoerring M.-T. Sebastià M.-T. Sebastià Y. S. Tang H. Uggerud M. Urbaniak N. van Dijk T. Vesala T. Vesala S. Vidic C. Vincke T. Weidinger S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern K. Butterbach-Bahl E. Nemitz M. A. Sutton |
| author_sort | C. R. Flechard |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span>)
deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized,
natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many
previous results of this <span class="inline-formula">dC∕dN</span> response were based on changes in carbon
stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with
estimates of <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport
models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to
reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual
gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux
towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet
<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To
identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay
between C and <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> inputs and losses, these data were also combined with
in situ flux measurements of NO, <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub>O</span> and <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> fluxes; soil
<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8a872e45f44a0fc3c08e466e371cfb3a"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-17-1583-2020-ie00001.svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" src="bg-17-1583-2020-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation
experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available
data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest
ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling.</p>
<p>Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged
from <span class="inline-formula">−</span>70 to 826 g C m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> at total wet <span class="inline-formula">+</span> dry inorganic
<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> deposition rates (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span>) of 0.3 to 4.3 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>
and from <span class="inline-formula">−</span>4 to 361 g C m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> at <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> rates of 0.1 to 3.1 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands,
wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets
of the forests were strongly dominated by <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> exchange, while <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span>
and <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub>O</span> exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in
short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much
larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span>
where <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the
lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub></span> losses by
denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub>O</span> and especially
<span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M30" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cbd0aa2bda73584a7a23dafea6b5761c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-17-1583-2020-ie00002.svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" src="bg-17-1583-2020-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> were on average 27 % (range 6 %–54 %) of <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> at sites
with <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> < 1 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> versus 65 % (range
35 %–85 %) for <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> > 3 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>. Such large
levels of <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation
occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets
provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered
patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span>
deposition up to 2–2.5 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, with large scatter
associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE,
defined as the NEP <span class="inline-formula">∕</span> GPP ratio). At elevated <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> levels (> 2.5 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>), where inorganic <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> losses were also
increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent
increase in NEP at low to intermediate <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> levels was partly the
result of geographical cross-correlations between <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> and climate,
indicating that the actual mean <span class="inline-formula">dC∕dN</span> response at individual sites was
significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward
regression of NEP vs. <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span>.</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T17:30:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-22db95525cf24bd990089ab50a71d64e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1726-4170 1726-4189 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T17:30:10Z |
| publishDate | 2020-03-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biogeosciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-22db95525cf24bd990089ab50a71d64e2022-12-21T22:53:07ZengCopernicus PublicationsBiogeosciences1726-41701726-41892020-03-01171583162010.5194/bg-17-1583-2020Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modellingC. R. Flechard0A. Ibrom1U. M. Skiba2W. de Vries3M. van Oijen4D. R. Cameron5N. B. Dise6J. F. J. Korhonen7J. F. J. Korhonen8N. Buchmann9A. Legout10D. Simpson11D. Simpson12M. J. Sanz13M. Aubinet14D. Loustau15L. Montagnani16L. Montagnani17J. Neirynck18I. A. Janssens19M. Pihlatie20M. Pihlatie21R. Kiese22J. Siemens23A.-J. Francez24J. Augustin25A. Varlagin26J. Olejnik27J. Olejnik28R. Juszczak29M. Aurela30D. Berveiller31B. H. Chojnicki32U. Dämmgen33N. Delpierre34V. Djuricic35J. Drewer36E. Dufrêne37W. Eugster38Y. Fauvel39D. Fowler40A. Frumau41A. Granier42P. Gross43Y. Hamon44C. Helfter45A. Hensen46L. Horváth47B. Kitzler48B. Kruijt49W. L. Kutsch50R. Lobo-do-Vale51A. Lohila52A. Lohila53B. Longdoz54M. V. Marek55G. Matteucci56M. Mitosinkova57V. Moreaux58V. Moreaux59A. Neftel60J.-M. Ourcival61K. Pilegaard62G. Pita63F. Sanz64J. K. Schjoerring65M.-T. Sebastià66M.-T. Sebastià67Y. S. Tang68H. Uggerud69M. Urbaniak70N. van Dijk71T. Vesala72T. Vesala73S. Vidic74C. Vincke75T. Weidinger76S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern77K. Butterbach-Bahl78E. Nemitz79M. A. Sutton80Institut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR 1069 SAS, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, FranceDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKWageningen University and Research, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the NetherlandsUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Environmental Soil Science, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, LFW C56, Universitatstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, SwitzerlandInstitut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), BEF, 54000 Nancy, FranceEMEP MSC-W, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenIkerbasque Foundation and Basque Centre for Climate Change, Sede Building 1, Scientific Campus of the University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa, Biscay, SpainTERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, BelgiumBordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, FranceForest Services, Autonomous Province of Bolzano, Via Brennero 6, 39100 Bolzano, ItalyFaculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, ItalyEnvironment and Climate, Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 35, 9500 Geraardsbergen, BelgiumDepartment of Biology, Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, BelgiumDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Environmental Soil Science, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, GermanyInstitute of Soil Science and Soil Conservation, iFZ Research Centre for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26–32, 35392 Giessen, GermanyUniversity of Rennes, CNRS, UMR6553 ECOBIO, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, FranceLeibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg, GermanyA.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071, Leninsky pr.33, Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Meteorology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94, 60-649 Poznań, PolandDepartment of Matter and Energy Fluxes, Global Change Research Centre, AS CR, v.v.i. Belidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznań, PolandFinnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, PL 503, 00101, Helsinki, FinlandEcologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, FranceDepartment of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piatkowska 94, 60-649 Poznań, PolandWeststrasse 5, 38162 Weddel, GermanyEcologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, FranceAir Quality Department, Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Gric 3, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKEcologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, FranceDepartment of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, LFW C56, Universitatstr. 2, 8092 Zurich, SwitzerlandInstitut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR 1069 SAS, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, FranceUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKTNO, Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis, Petten, the NetherlandsInstitut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR1434 Silva, Site de Nancy, Rue d'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, FranceInstitut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR1434 Silva, Site de Nancy, Rue d'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, FranceInstitut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR 1069 SAS, 65 rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, FranceUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKTNO, Environmental Modelling, Sensing and Analysis, Petten, the NetherlandsGreengrass – Atmospheric Environment Expert Ltd. fellowship, Kornélia utca 14/a, 2030 Érd, HungaryFederal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, AustriaWageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the NetherlandsIntegrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS ERIC) Head Office, Erik Palménin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, FinlandCentro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, PortugalFinnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, PL 503, 00101, Helsinki, FinlandInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 68, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandGembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Axe Echanges Ecosystèmes Atmosphère, 8, Avenue de la Faculté, 5030 Gembloux, BelgiumGlobal Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech RepublicNational Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFOM), Via Patacca, 85, 80056 Ercolano (NA), ItalyDepartment of Air Quality, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Jeseniova 17, 83315 Bratislava, SlovakiaBordeaux Sciences Agro, Institut National de la Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement (INRAE), UMR ISPA, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, FranceInstitute for Geosciences and Environmental research (IGE), UMR 5001, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 38000 Grenoble, FranceNRE, Oberwohlenstrasse 27, 3033 Wohlen bei Bern, SwitzerlandCEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, FranceDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkMechanical Engineering Department, Instituto Superior Técnico (Technical University of Lisbon), Ave. Rovisco Pais, IST, 1049-001 Lisbon, PortugalFundación CEAM, C/Charles R. Darwin, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), SpainDepartment of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, DenmarkLaboratory of Functional Ecology and Global Change (ECOFUN), Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Carretera de Sant Llorenç de Morunys, 25280 Solsona, SpainGroup GAMES & Department of Horticulture, Botany and Landscaping, School of Agrifood and Forestry Science and Engineering, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, SpainUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKNorsk institutt for luftforskning, Postboks 100, 2027 Kjeller, NorwayDepartment of Meteorology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94, 60-649 Poznań, PolandUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandInstitute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 68, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandAir Quality Department, Meteorological and Hydrological Service, Gric 3, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaEarth and Life Institute (Environmental sciences), Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, BelgiumDepartment of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest Pázmány Péter s. 1/A, HungaryDepartment of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Peter Jordan Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, AustriaKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, GermanyUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UKUK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UK CEH), Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK<p>The impact of atmospheric reactive nitrogen (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span>) deposition on carbon (C) sequestration in soils and biomass of unfertilized, natural, semi-natural and forest ecosystems has been much debated. Many previous results of this <span class="inline-formula">dC∕dN</span> response were based on changes in carbon stocks from periodical soil and ecosystem inventories, associated with estimates of <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> deposition obtained from large-scale chemical transport models. This study and a companion paper (Flechard et al., 2020) strive to reduce uncertainties of N effects on C sequestration by linking multi-annual gross and net ecosystem productivity estimates from 40 eddy covariance flux towers across Europe to local measurement-based estimates of dry and wet <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> deposition from a dedicated collocated monitoring network. To identify possible ecological drivers and processes affecting the interplay between C and <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> inputs and losses, these data were also combined with in situ flux measurements of NO, <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub>O</span> and <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> fluxes; soil <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="8a872e45f44a0fc3c08e466e371cfb3a"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-17-1583-2020-ie00001.svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" src="bg-17-1583-2020-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> leaching sampling; and results of soil incubation experiments for N and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as well as surveys of available data from online databases and from the literature, together with forest ecosystem (BASFOR) modelling.</p> <p>Multi-year averages of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in forests ranged from <span class="inline-formula">−</span>70 to 826 g C m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> at total wet <span class="inline-formula">+</span> dry inorganic <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> deposition rates (<span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span>) of 0.3 to 4.3 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and from <span class="inline-formula">−</span>4 to 361 g C m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> at <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> rates of 0.1 to 3.1 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in short semi-natural vegetation (moorlands, wetlands and unfertilized extensively managed grasslands). The GHG budgets of the forests were strongly dominated by <span class="inline-formula">CO<sub>2</sub></span> exchange, while <span class="inline-formula">CH<sub>4</sub></span> and <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub>O</span> exchange comprised a larger proportion of the GHG balance in short semi-natural vegetation. Uncertainties in elemental budgets were much larger for nitrogen than carbon, especially at sites with elevated <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> where <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> leaching losses were also very large, and compounded by the lack of reliable data on organic nitrogen and <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub></span> losses by denitrification. Nitrogen losses in the form of NO, <span class="inline-formula">N<sub>2</sub>O</span> and especially <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M30" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn><mo>-</mo></msubsup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="cbd0aa2bda73584a7a23dafea6b5761c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="bg-17-1583-2020-ie00002.svg" width="25pt" height="16pt" src="bg-17-1583-2020-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> were on average 27 % (range 6 %–54 %) of <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> at sites with <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> < 1 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> versus 65 % (range 35 %–85 %) for <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> > 3 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>. Such large levels of <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> loss likely indicate that different stages of N saturation occurred at a number of sites. The joint analysis of the C and N budgets provided further hints that N saturation could be detected in altered patterns of forest growth. Net ecosystem productivity increased with <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> deposition up to 2–2.5 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>, with large scatter associated with a wide range in carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE, defined as the NEP <span class="inline-formula">∕</span> GPP ratio). At elevated <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> levels (> 2.5 g N m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> yr<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span>), where inorganic <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>r</sub></span> losses were also increasingly large, NEP levelled off and then decreased. The apparent increase in NEP at low to intermediate <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> levels was partly the result of geographical cross-correlations between <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span> and climate, indicating that the actual mean <span class="inline-formula">dC∕dN</span> response at individual sites was significantly lower than would be suggested by a simple, straightforward regression of NEP vs. <span class="inline-formula"><i>N</i><sub>dep</sub></span>.</p>https://www.biogeosciences.net/17/1583/2020/bg-17-1583-2020.pdf |
| spellingShingle | C. R. Flechard A. Ibrom U. M. Skiba W. de Vries M. van Oijen D. R. Cameron N. B. Dise J. F. J. Korhonen J. F. J. Korhonen N. Buchmann A. Legout D. Simpson D. Simpson M. J. Sanz M. Aubinet D. Loustau L. Montagnani L. Montagnani J. Neirynck I. A. Janssens M. Pihlatie M. Pihlatie R. Kiese J. Siemens A.-J. Francez J. Augustin A. Varlagin J. Olejnik J. Olejnik R. Juszczak M. Aurela D. Berveiller B. H. Chojnicki U. Dämmgen N. Delpierre V. Djuricic J. Drewer E. Dufrêne W. Eugster Y. Fauvel D. Fowler A. Frumau A. Granier P. Gross Y. Hamon C. Helfter A. Hensen L. Horváth B. Kitzler B. Kruijt W. L. Kutsch R. Lobo-do-Vale A. Lohila A. Lohila B. Longdoz M. V. Marek G. Matteucci M. Mitosinkova V. Moreaux V. Moreaux A. Neftel J.-M. Ourcival K. Pilegaard G. Pita F. Sanz J. K. Schjoerring M.-T. Sebastià M.-T. Sebastià Y. S. Tang H. Uggerud M. Urbaniak N. van Dijk T. Vesala T. Vesala S. Vidic C. Vincke T. Weidinger S. Zechmeister-Boltenstern K. Butterbach-Bahl E. Nemitz M. A. Sutton Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling Biogeosciences |
| title | Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling |
| title_full | Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling |
| title_fullStr | Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling |
| title_short | Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 1: Fluxes and budgets of carbon, nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling |
| title_sort | carbon nitrogen interactions in european forests and semi natural vegetation part 1 fluxes and budgets of carbon nitrogen and greenhouse gases from ecosystem monitoring and modelling |
| url | https://www.biogeosciences.net/17/1583/2020/bg-17-1583-2020.pdf |
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