Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine <sup>14</sup>C in Lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>)
Antibiotics are present in the environment, primarily due to their release through wastewater treatment plants, agricultural practices, and improper disposal of unused medications. In the environment, these drugs can be bioaccumulated by organisms and transferred along the food chain. This is a prob...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/15/2464 |
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| author | Patrícia Alexandre Evangelista Felipe Machado de Oliveira Lourenço Darmin Chakma Chironjit Kumar Shaha Almamy Konate Rodrigo Floriano Pimpinato Helder Louvandini Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo |
| author_facet | Patrícia Alexandre Evangelista Felipe Machado de Oliveira Lourenço Darmin Chakma Chironjit Kumar Shaha Almamy Konate Rodrigo Floriano Pimpinato Helder Louvandini Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo |
| author_sort | Patrícia Alexandre Evangelista |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Antibiotics are present in the environment, primarily due to their release through wastewater treatment plants, agricultural practices, and improper disposal of unused medications. In the environment, these drugs can be bioaccumulated by organisms and transferred along the food chain. This is a problem when considering the consumption of fish meat. In the United States, legislation stipulates that the maximum residue limit for sulfadiazine (SDZ) should not exceed 100 μg kg<sup>−1</sup>. Lambari fishes have potential economic importance in aquaculture, as they are relatively easy to breed and can be raised in small-scale operations. Finally, studying the biology and ecology of lambari could provide valuable information about freshwater ecosystems and their inhabitants. The current work aimed to measure the bioaccumulation and depletion of the antibiotic SDZ <sup>14</sup>C in lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>). For this purpose, the tests were divided into two stages; seven days of exposure and seven days of depletion, where one fish was randomly selected and sampled every day. In the exposure phase, the fish were fed the medicated feed three times a day at a concentration of 2.5 mg·g<sup>−1</sup>. The control fish were fed uncontaminated feed. For the depletion phase, the remaining lambari were transferred to clean tanks and fed uncontaminated feed three times a day. The fish samples were burned in the Oxidizer and the reading of radioactivity was performed in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. It is worth noting that on day 7 and day 14, the water in the aquariums was filtered through filter paper to collect the metabolic excrement. SDZ concentrations increased over the days and accumulation occurred in the fish, with day seven presenting the maximum accumulation value of 91.7 ng·g<sup>−1</sup> due to feeding uptake. After the depletion phase on day 13, the value found was 0.83 ng·g<sup>−1</sup>. The bioconcentration factor calculated was 20 L·kg<sup>−1</sup>. After the bioaccumulation period, the concentrations of SDZ in the water and excreta were 4.5 µg·L<sup>−1</sup> and 363.5 ng·g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. In the depletion period, the concentrations in the water and excreta were 0.01 µg·L<sup>−1</sup> and 5.96 ng·g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. These results imply that there was little SDZ bioaccumulation in the fish, but that it was distributed in larger amounts in the water. This is due to the physicochemical properties of the molecule with the low Log P value. Regarding the maximum residue limit, the value was below the established value. This study contributes to understanding SDZ dynamics in an aquatic species native to Brazil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:32:02Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-22dd368d27ae48e49ace6b641faac7d92023-11-18T22:33:24ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-07-011315246410.3390/ani13152464Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine <sup>14</sup>C in Lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>)Patrícia Alexandre Evangelista0Felipe Machado de Oliveira Lourenço1Darmin Chakma2Chironjit Kumar Shaha3Almamy Konate4Rodrigo Floriano Pimpinato5Helder Louvandini6Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo7Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, BrazilCenter for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, BrazilBangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1349, BangladeshBangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1349, BangladeshInstitute for the Environment and Agriculture Research (INERA), National Centre for Scientific & Technological Research (CNRST), Ouagadougou 04 BP 8645, Burkina FasoCenter for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, BrazilCenter for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, BrazilCenter for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba 13416-000, BrazilAntibiotics are present in the environment, primarily due to their release through wastewater treatment plants, agricultural practices, and improper disposal of unused medications. In the environment, these drugs can be bioaccumulated by organisms and transferred along the food chain. This is a problem when considering the consumption of fish meat. In the United States, legislation stipulates that the maximum residue limit for sulfadiazine (SDZ) should not exceed 100 μg kg<sup>−1</sup>. Lambari fishes have potential economic importance in aquaculture, as they are relatively easy to breed and can be raised in small-scale operations. Finally, studying the biology and ecology of lambari could provide valuable information about freshwater ecosystems and their inhabitants. The current work aimed to measure the bioaccumulation and depletion of the antibiotic SDZ <sup>14</sup>C in lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>). For this purpose, the tests were divided into two stages; seven days of exposure and seven days of depletion, where one fish was randomly selected and sampled every day. In the exposure phase, the fish were fed the medicated feed three times a day at a concentration of 2.5 mg·g<sup>−1</sup>. The control fish were fed uncontaminated feed. For the depletion phase, the remaining lambari were transferred to clean tanks and fed uncontaminated feed three times a day. The fish samples were burned in the Oxidizer and the reading of radioactivity was performed in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. It is worth noting that on day 7 and day 14, the water in the aquariums was filtered through filter paper to collect the metabolic excrement. SDZ concentrations increased over the days and accumulation occurred in the fish, with day seven presenting the maximum accumulation value of 91.7 ng·g<sup>−1</sup> due to feeding uptake. After the depletion phase on day 13, the value found was 0.83 ng·g<sup>−1</sup>. The bioconcentration factor calculated was 20 L·kg<sup>−1</sup>. After the bioaccumulation period, the concentrations of SDZ in the water and excreta were 4.5 µg·L<sup>−1</sup> and 363.5 ng·g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. In the depletion period, the concentrations in the water and excreta were 0.01 µg·L<sup>−1</sup> and 5.96 ng·g<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. These results imply that there was little SDZ bioaccumulation in the fish, but that it was distributed in larger amounts in the water. This is due to the physicochemical properties of the molecule with the low Log P value. Regarding the maximum residue limit, the value was below the established value. This study contributes to understanding SDZ dynamics in an aquatic species native to Brazil.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/15/2464ecotoxicologysulfonamideshuman health risksbioconcentration factorfish |
| spellingShingle | Patrícia Alexandre Evangelista Felipe Machado de Oliveira Lourenço Darmin Chakma Chironjit Kumar Shaha Almamy Konate Rodrigo Floriano Pimpinato Helder Louvandini Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine <sup>14</sup>C in Lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>) Animals ecotoxicology sulfonamides human health risks bioconcentration factor fish |
| title | Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine <sup>14</sup>C in Lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>) |
| title_full | Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine <sup>14</sup>C in Lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>) |
| title_fullStr | Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine <sup>14</sup>C in Lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine <sup>14</sup>C in Lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>) |
| title_short | Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine <sup>14</sup>C in Lambari (<i>Astyanax bimaculatus</i>) |
| title_sort | bioaccumulation and depletion of the antibiotic sulfadiazine sup 14 sup c in lambari i astyanax bimaculatus i |
| topic | ecotoxicology sulfonamides human health risks bioconcentration factor fish |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/15/2464 |
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