Direct Detection of Groundwater Accumulation Zones in Saprock Aquifers in Tectono-Thermal Environments
Some vertical electrical sounding (VES) data from tectono-thermal environments usually plot anomalously on a VES curve, thereby distorting the curve trend at the points of their occurrence. These datasets usually plot noisily in the form of a sudden rise and drop in electrical resistivity values. Th...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/22/3946 |
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| author | Anthony E. Akpan Stephen E. Ekwok Ubong C. Ben Ebong D. Ebong Jewel E. Thomas Aniekan M. Ekanem Nyakno J. George Kamal Abdelrahman Mohammed S. Fnais Ahmed M. Eldosouky Peter Andráš Saad S. Alarifi |
| author_facet | Anthony E. Akpan Stephen E. Ekwok Ubong C. Ben Ebong D. Ebong Jewel E. Thomas Aniekan M. Ekanem Nyakno J. George Kamal Abdelrahman Mohammed S. Fnais Ahmed M. Eldosouky Peter Andráš Saad S. Alarifi |
| author_sort | Anthony E. Akpan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Some vertical electrical sounding (VES) data from tectono-thermal environments usually plot anomalously on a VES curve, thereby distorting the curve trend at the points of their occurrence. These datasets usually plot noisily in the form of a sudden rise and drop in electrical resistivity values. They constitute abnormal datasets that are usually deleted to recover trends and consequently develop confidence in both the datasets and the modelling and interpretational processes. This study was conducted to assess their origin and consequently gain an understanding of their contributions to groundwater accumulation and transmission in saprock aquifers. The results, supported by co-located drilling and pumping test data, show that these datasets are indicators of subsurface conditions where high-resistivity unconformal structures directly overlie saturated (low-resistivity) porous media, provided that the resistivity of the first breakout point is less than those from subsequent points. Remote sensing data reveal that these types of curves are common in hard rock and metasedimentary environments. Borehole groundwater yields can also be assessed qualitatively from the number and trend of breakoff points. The integrity of the breakoff points must be affirmed by using more sensitive equipment for data acquisition and repeating the measuring process using different potential electrode separations and—where possible—VES profile orientation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:22:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-22dd59179ddf4c958edb3ea6c174fcd3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:22:24Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-22dd59179ddf4c958edb3ea6c174fcd32023-11-24T15:11:23ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-11-011522394610.3390/w15223946Direct Detection of Groundwater Accumulation Zones in Saprock Aquifers in Tectono-Thermal EnvironmentsAnthony E. Akpan0Stephen E. Ekwok1Ubong C. Ben2Ebong D. Ebong3Jewel E. Thomas4Aniekan M. Ekanem5Nyakno J. George6Kamal Abdelrahman7Mohammed S. Fnais8Ahmed M. Eldosouky9Peter Andráš10Saad S. Alarifi11Applied Geophysics Programme, Department of Physics, University of Calabar, Calabar 540271, Cross River-State, NigeriaApplied Geophysics Programme, Department of Physics, University of Calabar, Calabar 540271, Cross River-State, NigeriaApplied Geophysics Programme, Department of Physics, University of Calabar, Calabar 540271, Cross River-State, NigeriaApplied Geophysics Programme, Department of Physics, University of Calabar, Calabar 540271, Cross River-State, NigeriaDepartment of Physics, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden 532111, Akwa Ibom State, NigeriaDepartment of Physics, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden 532111, Akwa Ibom State, NigeriaDepartment of Physics, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden 532111, Akwa Ibom State, NigeriaDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaGeology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez 43518, EgyptFaculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, 974 01 Banska Bystrica, SlovakiaDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaSome vertical electrical sounding (VES) data from tectono-thermal environments usually plot anomalously on a VES curve, thereby distorting the curve trend at the points of their occurrence. These datasets usually plot noisily in the form of a sudden rise and drop in electrical resistivity values. They constitute abnormal datasets that are usually deleted to recover trends and consequently develop confidence in both the datasets and the modelling and interpretational processes. This study was conducted to assess their origin and consequently gain an understanding of their contributions to groundwater accumulation and transmission in saprock aquifers. The results, supported by co-located drilling and pumping test data, show that these datasets are indicators of subsurface conditions where high-resistivity unconformal structures directly overlie saturated (low-resistivity) porous media, provided that the resistivity of the first breakout point is less than those from subsequent points. Remote sensing data reveal that these types of curves are common in hard rock and metasedimentary environments. Borehole groundwater yields can also be assessed qualitatively from the number and trend of breakoff points. The integrity of the breakoff points must be affirmed by using more sensitive equipment for data acquisition and repeating the measuring process using different potential electrode separations and—where possible—VES profile orientation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/22/3946electrical resistivitydirect detectiongroundwaterfracturetectono-thermalNigeria |
| spellingShingle | Anthony E. Akpan Stephen E. Ekwok Ubong C. Ben Ebong D. Ebong Jewel E. Thomas Aniekan M. Ekanem Nyakno J. George Kamal Abdelrahman Mohammed S. Fnais Ahmed M. Eldosouky Peter Andráš Saad S. Alarifi Direct Detection of Groundwater Accumulation Zones in Saprock Aquifers in Tectono-Thermal Environments Water electrical resistivity direct detection groundwater fracture tectono-thermal Nigeria |
| title | Direct Detection of Groundwater Accumulation Zones in Saprock Aquifers in Tectono-Thermal Environments |
| title_full | Direct Detection of Groundwater Accumulation Zones in Saprock Aquifers in Tectono-Thermal Environments |
| title_fullStr | Direct Detection of Groundwater Accumulation Zones in Saprock Aquifers in Tectono-Thermal Environments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Direct Detection of Groundwater Accumulation Zones in Saprock Aquifers in Tectono-Thermal Environments |
| title_short | Direct Detection of Groundwater Accumulation Zones in Saprock Aquifers in Tectono-Thermal Environments |
| title_sort | direct detection of groundwater accumulation zones in saprock aquifers in tectono thermal environments |
| topic | electrical resistivity direct detection groundwater fracture tectono-thermal Nigeria |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/22/3946 |
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