Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exist in the atmosphere in the vapor and particulate phases, as well as in solubilized form in fog/rain/cloud waters. In the current paper, fogwater samples are collected during 42 events between 2015 and 2021 at four diffe...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/15/3/291 |
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| author | Dani Khoury Maurice Millet Yasmine Jabali Olivier Delhomme |
| author_facet | Dani Khoury Maurice Millet Yasmine Jabali Olivier Delhomme |
| author_sort | Dani Khoury |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exist in the atmosphere in the vapor and particulate phases, as well as in solubilized form in fog/rain/cloud waters. In the current paper, fogwater samples are collected during 42 events between 2015 and 2021 at four different sites (Strasbourg, Geispolsheim, Erstein, Cronenbourg) in the Alsace region. Organics are extracted using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) supported on a solid cartridge (XTR Chromabond), and then analyzed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The total PAHs and PCBs concentrations in fog samples vary between 0.58 and 6.7 µg L<sup>−1</sup> (average of 2.70 µg L<sup>−1</sup>), and 0.14 and 15.5 µg L<sup>−1</sup> (average of 2.75 µg L<sup>−1</sup>). Low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs are predominant and highly detectable compared to high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs, while pentachloro-biphenyls are the dominant PCB congener. The PAHs and PCBs concentrations have increased over the sampling years at all sites, except for a slight decrease in PCBs level at Geispolsheim. A diagnostic ratio (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA) are applied to suggest potential contamination sources at Strasbourg metropolitan. Their results reveal that PAHs derive from a mixture of pyrogenic activities, while PCBs mainly come from industrial activities. The results also reveal, in some cases, inter-site variability for simultaneous and successive fog events. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:34:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2305be82743d440fa3a2f69ce00c2809 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:34:06Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-2305be82743d440fa3a2f69ce00c28092024-03-27T13:20:37ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332024-02-0115329110.3390/atmos15030291Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021Dani Khoury0Maurice Millet1Yasmine Jabali2Olivier Delhomme3UMR 7515 Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES, University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, CEDEX 3, F-67087 Strasbourg, FranceUMR 7515 Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES, University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, CEDEX 3, F-67087 Strasbourg, FranceEnvironmental Engineering Laboratory (EEL), Faculty of Engineering, University of Balamand, Kelhat-El Koura, Tripoli P.O. Box 100, LebanonUMR 7515 Group of Physical Chemistry of the Atmosphere, Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health ICPEES, University of Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, CEDEX 3, F-67087 Strasbourg, FrancePolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exist in the atmosphere in the vapor and particulate phases, as well as in solubilized form in fog/rain/cloud waters. In the current paper, fogwater samples are collected during 42 events between 2015 and 2021 at four different sites (Strasbourg, Geispolsheim, Erstein, Cronenbourg) in the Alsace region. Organics are extracted using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) supported on a solid cartridge (XTR Chromabond), and then analyzed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The total PAHs and PCBs concentrations in fog samples vary between 0.58 and 6.7 µg L<sup>−1</sup> (average of 2.70 µg L<sup>−1</sup>), and 0.14 and 15.5 µg L<sup>−1</sup> (average of 2.75 µg L<sup>−1</sup>). Low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs are predominant and highly detectable compared to high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs, while pentachloro-biphenyls are the dominant PCB congener. The PAHs and PCBs concentrations have increased over the sampling years at all sites, except for a slight decrease in PCBs level at Geispolsheim. A diagnostic ratio (DR) and principal component analysis (PCA) are applied to suggest potential contamination sources at Strasbourg metropolitan. Their results reveal that PAHs derive from a mixture of pyrogenic activities, while PCBs mainly come from industrial activities. The results also reveal, in some cases, inter-site variability for simultaneous and successive fog events.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/15/3/291Strasbourg metropolitanpersistent organic pollutantsinter-site variabilitysimultaneous eventsdiagnostic ratioprincipal component analysis |
| spellingShingle | Dani Khoury Maurice Millet Yasmine Jabali Olivier Delhomme Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021 Atmosphere Strasbourg metropolitan persistent organic pollutants inter-site variability simultaneous events diagnostic ratio principal component analysis |
| title | Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021 |
| title_full | Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021 |
| title_short | Occurrence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Fogwater at Urban, Suburban, and Rural Sites in Northeast France between 2015 and 2021 |
| title_sort | occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in fogwater at urban suburban and rural sites in northeast france between 2015 and 2021 |
| topic | Strasbourg metropolitan persistent organic pollutants inter-site variability simultaneous events diagnostic ratio principal component analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/15/3/291 |
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