Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of <i>Veronica</i> Subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent Dispersal
<i>Veronica</i> subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> is the largest subgenus of <i>Veronica</i> in the Northern Hemisphere with approximately 80 species mainly from Southwest Asia. In order to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the members of <i>V</...
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/5/639 |
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| author | Moslem Doostmohammadi Firouzeh Bordbar Dirk C. Albach Mansour Mirtadzadini |
| author_facet | Moslem Doostmohammadi Firouzeh Bordbar Dirk C. Albach Mansour Mirtadzadini |
| author_sort | Moslem Doostmohammadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Veronica</i> subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> is the largest subgenus of <i>Veronica</i> in the Northern Hemisphere with approximately 80 species mainly from Southwest Asia. In order to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the members of <i>V</i>. subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> and to test the “out of the Iranian plateau” hypothesis, we applied thorough taxonomic sampling, employing nuclear DNA (ITS) sequence data complimented with morphological studies and chromosome number counts. Several high or moderately supported clades are reconstructed, but the backbone of the phylogenetic tree is generally unresolved, and many Southwest Asian species are scattered along a large polytomy. It is proposed that rapid diversification of the Irano-Turanian species in allopatric glacial refugia and a relatively high rate of extinction during interglacial periods resulted in such phylogenetic topology. The highly variable Asian <i>V. orientalis</i>–<i>V. multifida</i> complex formed a highly polyphyletic assemblage, emphasizing the idea of cryptic speciation within this group. The phylogenetic results allow the re-assignment of two species into this subgenus. In addition, <i>V. bombycina</i> subsp. <i>bolkardaghensis</i>, <i>V. macrostachya</i> subsp. <i>schizostegia</i> and <i>V. fuhsii</i> var. <i>linearis</i> are raised to species rank and the new name <i>V. parsana</i> is proposed for the latter. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstructions indicate a divergence age of about 9 million years ago and a place of origin on the Iranian Plateau. Migration to the Western Mediterranean region has likely taken place through a North African route during early quaternary glacial times. This study supports the assumption of the Irano-Turanian region as a source of taxa for neighboring regions, particularly in the alpine flora. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:19:11Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:19:11Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-23145b52e6a64d3585eadef6111338c42023-11-23T10:06:20ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-04-0111563910.3390/biology11050639Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of <i>Veronica</i> Subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent DispersalMoslem Doostmohammadi0Firouzeh Bordbar1Dirk C. Albach2Mansour Mirtadzadini3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman P.O. Box 76169-133, IranDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman P.O. Box 76169-133, IranInstitut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky-Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, GermanyDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman P.O. Box 76169-133, Iran<i>Veronica</i> subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> is the largest subgenus of <i>Veronica</i> in the Northern Hemisphere with approximately 80 species mainly from Southwest Asia. In order to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the members of <i>V</i>. subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> and to test the “out of the Iranian plateau” hypothesis, we applied thorough taxonomic sampling, employing nuclear DNA (ITS) sequence data complimented with morphological studies and chromosome number counts. Several high or moderately supported clades are reconstructed, but the backbone of the phylogenetic tree is generally unresolved, and many Southwest Asian species are scattered along a large polytomy. It is proposed that rapid diversification of the Irano-Turanian species in allopatric glacial refugia and a relatively high rate of extinction during interglacial periods resulted in such phylogenetic topology. The highly variable Asian <i>V. orientalis</i>–<i>V. multifida</i> complex formed a highly polyphyletic assemblage, emphasizing the idea of cryptic speciation within this group. The phylogenetic results allow the re-assignment of two species into this subgenus. In addition, <i>V. bombycina</i> subsp. <i>bolkardaghensis</i>, <i>V. macrostachya</i> subsp. <i>schizostegia</i> and <i>V. fuhsii</i> var. <i>linearis</i> are raised to species rank and the new name <i>V. parsana</i> is proposed for the latter. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstructions indicate a divergence age of about 9 million years ago and a place of origin on the Iranian Plateau. Migration to the Western Mediterranean region has likely taken place through a North African route during early quaternary glacial times. This study supports the assumption of the Irano-Turanian region as a source of taxa for neighboring regions, particularly in the alpine flora.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/5/639alpine specieschromosome numberIrano-Turanian regionbiogeographyrapid radiation<i>Veronica</i> |
| spellingShingle | Moslem Doostmohammadi Firouzeh Bordbar Dirk C. Albach Mansour Mirtadzadini Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of <i>Veronica</i> Subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent Dispersal Biology alpine species chromosome number Irano-Turanian region biogeography rapid radiation <i>Veronica</i> |
| title | Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of <i>Veronica</i> Subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent Dispersal |
| title_full | Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of <i>Veronica</i> Subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent Dispersal |
| title_fullStr | Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of <i>Veronica</i> Subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent Dispersal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of <i>Veronica</i> Subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent Dispersal |
| title_short | Phylogeny and Historical Biogeography of <i>Veronica</i> Subgenus <i>Pentasepalae</i> (Plantaginaceae): Evidence for Its Origin and Subsequent Dispersal |
| title_sort | phylogeny and historical biogeography of i veronica i subgenus i pentasepalae i plantaginaceae evidence for its origin and subsequent dispersal |
| topic | alpine species chromosome number Irano-Turanian region biogeography rapid radiation <i>Veronica</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/5/639 |
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