Phytosome Supplements for Delivering <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes
<i>Gymnema inodorum</i> (GI) is a leafy green vegetable found in the northern region of Thailand. A GI leaf extract has been developed as a dietary supplement for metabolic diabetic control. However, the active compounds in the GI leaf extract are relatively nonpolar. This study aimed to...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2257 |
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| author | Onanong Nuchuchua Ratchanon Inpan Wanwisa Srinuanchai Jirarat Karinchai Pornsiri Pitchakarn Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich Arisa Imsumran |
| author_facet | Onanong Nuchuchua Ratchanon Inpan Wanwisa Srinuanchai Jirarat Karinchai Pornsiri Pitchakarn Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich Arisa Imsumran |
| author_sort | Onanong Nuchuchua |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> (GI) is a leafy green vegetable found in the northern region of Thailand. A GI leaf extract has been developed as a dietary supplement for metabolic diabetic control. However, the active compounds in the GI leaf extract are relatively nonpolar. This study aimed to develop phytosome formulations of the GI extract to improve the efficiencies of their phytonutrients in terms of anti-inflammatory and anti-insulin-resistant activities in macrophages and adipocytes, respectively. Our results showed that the phytosomes assisted the GI extract’s dispersion in an aqueous solution. The GI phytocompounds were assembled into a phospholipid bilayer membrane as spherical nanoparticles about 160–180 nm in diameter. The structure of the phytosomes allowed phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpene derivatives to be embedded in the phospholipid membrane. The existence of GI phytochemicals in phytosomes significantly changed the particle’s surface charge from neutral to negative within the range of −35 mV to −45 mV. The phytosome delivery system significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory activity of the GI extract, indicated by the lower production of nitric oxide from inflamed macrophages compared to the non-encapsulated extract. However, the phospholipid component of phytosomes slightly interfered with the anti-insulin-resistant effects of the GI extract by decreasing the glucose uptake activity and increasing the lipid degradation of adipocytes. Altogether, the nano-phytosome is a potent carrier for transporting GI phytochemicals to prevent an early stage of T2DM. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:07:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-23157d5620024c01bae501dd9a33634a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T03:07:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-23157d5620024c01bae501dd9a33634a2023-11-18T07:52:24ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582023-06-011211225710.3390/foods12112257Phytosome Supplements for Delivering <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in AdipocytesOnanong Nuchuchua0Ratchanon Inpan1Wanwisa Srinuanchai2Jirarat Karinchai3Pornsiri Pitchakarn4Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich5Arisa Imsumran6National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, ThailandDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandNational Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, ThailandDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, ThailandDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand<i>Gymnema inodorum</i> (GI) is a leafy green vegetable found in the northern region of Thailand. A GI leaf extract has been developed as a dietary supplement for metabolic diabetic control. However, the active compounds in the GI leaf extract are relatively nonpolar. This study aimed to develop phytosome formulations of the GI extract to improve the efficiencies of their phytonutrients in terms of anti-inflammatory and anti-insulin-resistant activities in macrophages and adipocytes, respectively. Our results showed that the phytosomes assisted the GI extract’s dispersion in an aqueous solution. The GI phytocompounds were assembled into a phospholipid bilayer membrane as spherical nanoparticles about 160–180 nm in diameter. The structure of the phytosomes allowed phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpene derivatives to be embedded in the phospholipid membrane. The existence of GI phytochemicals in phytosomes significantly changed the particle’s surface charge from neutral to negative within the range of −35 mV to −45 mV. The phytosome delivery system significantly exhibited the anti-inflammatory activity of the GI extract, indicated by the lower production of nitric oxide from inflamed macrophages compared to the non-encapsulated extract. However, the phospholipid component of phytosomes slightly interfered with the anti-insulin-resistant effects of the GI extract by decreasing the glucose uptake activity and increasing the lipid degradation of adipocytes. Altogether, the nano-phytosome is a potent carrier for transporting GI phytochemicals to prevent an early stage of T2DM.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2257<i>Gymnema inodorum</i> extractphytosomephytonutrient deliveryanti-inflammationanti-insulin resistancemacrophages |
| spellingShingle | Onanong Nuchuchua Ratchanon Inpan Wanwisa Srinuanchai Jirarat Karinchai Pornsiri Pitchakarn Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich Arisa Imsumran Phytosome Supplements for Delivering <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes Foods <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> extract phytosome phytonutrient delivery anti-inflammation anti-insulin resistance macrophages |
| title | Phytosome Supplements for Delivering <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes |
| title_full | Phytosome Supplements for Delivering <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes |
| title_fullStr | Phytosome Supplements for Delivering <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytosome Supplements for Delivering <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes |
| title_short | Phytosome Supplements for Delivering <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> Phytonutrients to Prevent Inflammation in Macrophages and Insulin Resistance in Adipocytes |
| title_sort | phytosome supplements for delivering i gymnema inodorum i phytonutrients to prevent inflammation in macrophages and insulin resistance in adipocytes |
| topic | <i>Gymnema inodorum</i> extract phytosome phytonutrient delivery anti-inflammation anti-insulin resistance macrophages |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/12/11/2257 |
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