SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet Fragmentation
Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) are expected to enable the massive connectivity of small and constrained devices to the Internet of Things. Due to the restricted nature of both end devices and network links, LPWAN technologies employ network stacks where there is no interoperable network layer...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1531 |
| _version_ | 1797476669164879872 |
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| author | Rodrigo Muñoz Juan Saez Hidalgo Felipe Canales Diego Dujovne Sandra Céspedes |
| author_facet | Rodrigo Muñoz Juan Saez Hidalgo Felipe Canales Diego Dujovne Sandra Céspedes |
| author_sort | Rodrigo Muñoz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) are expected to enable the massive connectivity of small and constrained devices to the Internet of Things. Due to the restricted nature of both end devices and network links, LPWAN technologies employ network stacks where there is no interoperable network layer as a general case; instead, application data are usually placed directly into technology-specific two-layer frames. Besides not being able to run standard IP-based protocols at the end device, the lack of an IP layer also causes LPWAN segments to operate in an isolated manner, requiring middleboxes to interface non-IP LPWAN technologies with the IP world. The IETF has standardized a compression and fragmentation scheme, called Static Context Header Compression and Fragmentation (SCHC), which can compress and fragment IPv6 and UDP headers for LPWAN in a way that enables IP-based communications on the constrained end device. This article presents a model to determine the channel occupation efficiency based on the transmission times of SCHC messages in the upstream channel of a LoRaWAN™ link using the ACK-on-Error mode of standard SCHC. The model is compared against experimental data obtained from the transmission of packets that are fragmented using a SCHC over LoRaWAN implementation. This modeling provides a relationship between the channel occupancy efficiency, the spreading factor of LoRa™, and the probability of an error of a SCHC message. The results show that the model correctly predicts the efficiency in channel occupation for all spreading factors. Furthermore, the SCHC ACK-on-Error mode implementation for the upstream channel has been made fully available for further use by the research community. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:05:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-232155b54149491f950a525d6db09024 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:05:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-232155b54149491f950a525d6db090242023-11-23T22:01:00ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-02-01224153110.3390/s22041531SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet FragmentationRodrigo Muñoz0Juan Saez Hidalgo1Felipe Canales2Diego Dujovne3Sandra Céspedes4Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370451, ChileNIC Chile Research Labs, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, ChileNIC Chile Research Labs, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, ChileFaculty of Engineering, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago 8370191, ChileDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8370451, ChileLow Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) are expected to enable the massive connectivity of small and constrained devices to the Internet of Things. Due to the restricted nature of both end devices and network links, LPWAN technologies employ network stacks where there is no interoperable network layer as a general case; instead, application data are usually placed directly into technology-specific two-layer frames. Besides not being able to run standard IP-based protocols at the end device, the lack of an IP layer also causes LPWAN segments to operate in an isolated manner, requiring middleboxes to interface non-IP LPWAN technologies with the IP world. The IETF has standardized a compression and fragmentation scheme, called Static Context Header Compression and Fragmentation (SCHC), which can compress and fragment IPv6 and UDP headers for LPWAN in a way that enables IP-based communications on the constrained end device. This article presents a model to determine the channel occupation efficiency based on the transmission times of SCHC messages in the upstream channel of a LoRaWAN™ link using the ACK-on-Error mode of standard SCHC. The model is compared against experimental data obtained from the transmission of packets that are fragmented using a SCHC over LoRaWAN implementation. This modeling provides a relationship between the channel occupancy efficiency, the spreading factor of LoRa™, and the probability of an error of a SCHC message. The results show that the model correctly predicts the efficiency in channel occupation for all spreading factors. Furthermore, the SCHC ACK-on-Error mode implementation for the upstream channel has been made fully available for further use by the research community.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1531fragmentationIPv6LoRaWANLPWANSCHC |
| spellingShingle | Rodrigo Muñoz Juan Saez Hidalgo Felipe Canales Diego Dujovne Sandra Céspedes SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet Fragmentation Sensors fragmentation IPv6 LoRaWAN LPWAN SCHC |
| title | SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet Fragmentation |
| title_full | SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet Fragmentation |
| title_fullStr | SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet Fragmentation |
| title_full_unstemmed | SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet Fragmentation |
| title_short | SCHC over LoRaWAN Efficiency: Evaluation and Experimental Performance of Packet Fragmentation |
| title_sort | schc over lorawan efficiency evaluation and experimental performance of packet fragmentation |
| topic | fragmentation IPv6 LoRaWAN LPWAN SCHC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/4/1531 |
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