Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals
PurposeHypercapnic chemosensitivity traditionally captures the ventilatory response to elevated pressures of carbon dioxide in the blood. However, hypercapnia also contributes to subjective breathing perceptions, and previously we demonstrated a closer matching of perception to changes in ventilatio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.820307/full |
| _version_ | 1818695097327288320 |
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| author | Olivia K. Harrison Olivia K. Harrison Olivia K. Harrison Bruce R. Russell Kyle T. S. Pattinson Kyle T. S. Pattinson |
| author_facet | Olivia K. Harrison Olivia K. Harrison Olivia K. Harrison Bruce R. Russell Kyle T. S. Pattinson Kyle T. S. Pattinson |
| author_sort | Olivia K. Harrison |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | PurposeHypercapnic chemosensitivity traditionally captures the ventilatory response to elevated pressures of carbon dioxide in the blood. However, hypercapnia also contributes to subjective breathing perceptions, and previously we demonstrated a closer matching of perception to changes in ventilation in athletes compared to controls. Here we investigated any potential underlying hypercapnic chemosensitivity differences between groups, and explored whether these measures relate to ventilatory and perceptual responses during exercise as well as trait levels of affect.MethodsA hypercapnic challenge, incremental maximal exercise test and affective questionnaires were completed by 20 endurance athletes and 20 age-/sex-matched sedentary controls. The hypercapnic challenge involved elevating end-tidal PCO2 by 0.8% (6.1 mmHg) and 1.5% (11.2 mmHg) for 3 min each (randomised), with constant end-tidal oxygen. Ventilatory and perceptual responses to hypercapnia were compared between groups, and within each group the relationships between hypercapnic chemosensitivity (slope analyses) and exercising ventilation and perceptions were calculated using Spearman’s non-parametric correlations.ResultsWhile absolute ventilation differences during hypercapnia and exercise were observed, no group differences were found across hypercapnic chemosensitivity (slope) measures. Correlation analyses revealed the anxiety hypercapnic response was related to maximal exercise anxiety, but only in sedentary individuals.ConclusionVentilatory and perceptual hypercapnic chemosensitivity do not differ between athletes and sedentary individuals. However, ventilatory and anxiety hypercapnic chemosensitivities were related to ventilatory and anxiety responses during exercise in untrained individuals only. Athletes may employ additional strategies during exercise to reduce the influence of chemosensitivity on ventilatory and perceptual responses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-17T13:40:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-234ee367156f493db4496993cad69c25 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-17T13:40:03Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-234ee367156f493db4496993cad69c252022-12-21T21:46:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2022-03-011310.3389/fphys.2022.820307820307Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia in Athletes and Sedentary IndividualsOlivia K. Harrison0Olivia K. Harrison1Olivia K. Harrison2Bruce R. Russell3Kyle T. S. Pattinson4Kyle T. S. Pattinson5Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandNuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomWellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroImaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomSchool of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandNuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomWellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroImaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomPurposeHypercapnic chemosensitivity traditionally captures the ventilatory response to elevated pressures of carbon dioxide in the blood. However, hypercapnia also contributes to subjective breathing perceptions, and previously we demonstrated a closer matching of perception to changes in ventilation in athletes compared to controls. Here we investigated any potential underlying hypercapnic chemosensitivity differences between groups, and explored whether these measures relate to ventilatory and perceptual responses during exercise as well as trait levels of affect.MethodsA hypercapnic challenge, incremental maximal exercise test and affective questionnaires were completed by 20 endurance athletes and 20 age-/sex-matched sedentary controls. The hypercapnic challenge involved elevating end-tidal PCO2 by 0.8% (6.1 mmHg) and 1.5% (11.2 mmHg) for 3 min each (randomised), with constant end-tidal oxygen. Ventilatory and perceptual responses to hypercapnia were compared between groups, and within each group the relationships between hypercapnic chemosensitivity (slope analyses) and exercising ventilation and perceptions were calculated using Spearman’s non-parametric correlations.ResultsWhile absolute ventilation differences during hypercapnia and exercise were observed, no group differences were found across hypercapnic chemosensitivity (slope) measures. Correlation analyses revealed the anxiety hypercapnic response was related to maximal exercise anxiety, but only in sedentary individuals.ConclusionVentilatory and perceptual hypercapnic chemosensitivity do not differ between athletes and sedentary individuals. However, ventilatory and anxiety hypercapnic chemosensitivities were related to ventilatory and anxiety responses during exercise in untrained individuals only. Athletes may employ additional strategies during exercise to reduce the influence of chemosensitivity on ventilatory and perceptual responses.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.820307/fullventilationperceptionbreathlessnessanxietyathleteshypercapnic chemosensitivity |
| spellingShingle | Olivia K. Harrison Olivia K. Harrison Olivia K. Harrison Bruce R. Russell Kyle T. S. Pattinson Kyle T. S. Pattinson Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals Frontiers in Physiology ventilation perception breathlessness anxiety athletes hypercapnic chemosensitivity |
| title | Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
| title_full | Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
| title_fullStr | Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
| title_short | Perceptual and Ventilatory Responses to Hypercapnia in Athletes and Sedentary Individuals |
| title_sort | perceptual and ventilatory responses to hypercapnia in athletes and sedentary individuals |
| topic | ventilation perception breathlessness anxiety athletes hypercapnic chemosensitivity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.820307/full |
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