The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with numerous industrial and consumer applications. BPA is extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread utilities of BPA include its use as internal coating for food and beverage cans, bottles, a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7951 |
| _version_ | 1797602424077156352 |
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| author | Ahmad Besaratinia |
| author_facet | Ahmad Besaratinia |
| author_sort | Ahmad Besaratinia |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with numerous industrial and consumer applications. BPA is extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread utilities of BPA include its use as internal coating for food and beverage cans, bottles, and food-packaging materials, and as a building block for countless goods of common use. BPA can be released into the environment and enter the human body at any stage during its production, or in the process of manufacture, use, or disposal of materials made from this chemical. While the general population is predominantly exposed to BPA through contaminated food and drinking water, non-dietary exposures through the respiratory system, integumentary system, and vertical transmission, as well as other routes of exposure, also exist. BPA is often classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical as it can act as a xenoestrogen. Exposure to BPA has been associated with developmental, reproductive, cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, or immune effects, as well as oncogenic effects. BPA can disrupt the synthesis or clearance of hormones by binding and interfering with biological receptors. BPA can also interact with key transcription factors to modulate regulation of gene expression. Over the past 17 years, an epigenetic mechanism of action for BPA has emerged. This article summarizes the current state of research on the epigenetic effects of BPA by analyzing the findings from various studies in model systems and human populations. It evaluates the weight of evidence on the ability of BPA to alter the epigenome, while also discussing the direction of future research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:16:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-23667778de0145bcb2fdec0d91c030a7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:16:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-23667778de0145bcb2fdec0d91c030a72023-11-17T23:02:50ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-04-01249795110.3390/ijms24097951The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol AAhmad Besaratinia0Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USABisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with numerous industrial and consumer applications. BPA is extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread utilities of BPA include its use as internal coating for food and beverage cans, bottles, and food-packaging materials, and as a building block for countless goods of common use. BPA can be released into the environment and enter the human body at any stage during its production, or in the process of manufacture, use, or disposal of materials made from this chemical. While the general population is predominantly exposed to BPA through contaminated food and drinking water, non-dietary exposures through the respiratory system, integumentary system, and vertical transmission, as well as other routes of exposure, also exist. BPA is often classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical as it can act as a xenoestrogen. Exposure to BPA has been associated with developmental, reproductive, cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, or immune effects, as well as oncogenic effects. BPA can disrupt the synthesis or clearance of hormones by binding and interfering with biological receptors. BPA can also interact with key transcription factors to modulate regulation of gene expression. Over the past 17 years, an epigenetic mechanism of action for BPA has emerged. This article summarizes the current state of research on the epigenetic effects of BPA by analyzing the findings from various studies in model systems and human populations. It evaluates the weight of evidence on the ability of BPA to alter the epigenome, while also discussing the direction of future research.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7951<i>DNA</i> methylationendocrine disrupting chemical (EDC)histone modificationsnoncoding <i>RNA</i>receptorsreproductive system |
| spellingShingle | Ahmad Besaratinia The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>DNA</i> methylation endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) histone modifications noncoding <i>RNA</i> receptors reproductive system |
| title | The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A |
| title_full | The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A |
| title_fullStr | The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A |
| title_full_unstemmed | The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A |
| title_short | The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A |
| title_sort | state of research and weight of evidence on the epigenetic effects of bisphenol a |
| topic | <i>DNA</i> methylation endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) histone modifications noncoding <i>RNA</i> receptors reproductive system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/9/7951 |
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