Plant-Derived Smoke Ameliorates Salt Stress in Wheat by Enhancing Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity
Abiotic stresses are the biggest threat to the increasing population worldwide. Salt stress is one of the most significant abiotic stresses, affecting 20% of the crop production around the world. Plant-derived smoke (PDS) has been reported as a biologically active plant product in stimulating seed g...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/1/28 |
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| author | Nailla Hayat Neelum Afroz Shafiq Rehman Syeda Huma Bukhari Khalid Iqbal Amana Khatoon Nadia Taimur Shazia Sakhi Nisar Ahmad Riaz Ullah Essam A. Ali Ahmed Bari Hidayat Hussain Ghazala Nawaz |
| author_facet | Nailla Hayat Neelum Afroz Shafiq Rehman Syeda Huma Bukhari Khalid Iqbal Amana Khatoon Nadia Taimur Shazia Sakhi Nisar Ahmad Riaz Ullah Essam A. Ali Ahmed Bari Hidayat Hussain Ghazala Nawaz |
| author_sort | Nailla Hayat |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abiotic stresses are the biggest threat to the increasing population worldwide. Salt stress is one of the most significant abiotic stresses, affecting 20% of the crop production around the world. Plant-derived smoke (PDS) has been reported as a biologically active plant product in stimulating seed germination, seedling growth and physiological characteristics of crops under abiotic stress conditions. Nevertheless, studies showing how PDS alleviates salt stress are largely unknown. Here, we report the molecular mechanism of how PDS could alleviate salt stress in wheat. Initially, PDS at 2000 ppm enhanced seed germination, root/shoot length and seedling fresh weight. However, PDS at 1000 and 500 ppm did not show any significant effect. Salt stress at 150 and 200 mM significantly reduced seed germination rate, root/shoot length and fresh weight of the wheat seedlings. Interestingly, PDS supplementation at 2000 ppm concentration was sufficient to restore seed germination under salt stress condition. Moreover, PDS improved root/shoot length and seedling biomass under 150 and 200 mM salt stress, suggesting that PDS is a potent plant product, capable of abiotic stress alleviation in crops. In comparison to the control, PDS-treated seedlings displayed increased activity of major antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase under salt stress, resulting in reduced levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidase, showing that PDS can possibly help in salt stress amelioration by regulating redox homeostasis. Importantly, salt stress altered the expression of germination marker genes, such as <i>TaSAM</i>, <i>TaPHY</i>, <i>TaBGU</i> (germination positive effectors), <i>TaLEA</i> and <i>TaGARS34</i> (germination negative effectors), suggesting the potential role of PDS in the germination pathway under salt stress. Further, PDS modulated the transcript levels of several salt stress stress-responsive genes, including <i>TaSOS4</i>, <i>TaBADH</i> and <i>TaHKT2</i>. In conclusion, this study provides a molecular and physiological basis for elucidating the mechanism of how PDS functions in stress induction in wheat, as well as demonstrates the importance of PDS in agricultural practices, laying the groundwork for future research into the role of PDS in the amelioration of abiotic stresses in various plants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:07:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-239ecf087d2f44a5884c9fb73cc1de65 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:07:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-239ecf087d2f44a5884c9fb73cc1de652023-11-23T12:37:03ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952021-12-011212810.3390/agronomy12010028Plant-Derived Smoke Ameliorates Salt Stress in Wheat by Enhancing Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes and Antioxidant Enzymatic ActivityNailla Hayat0Neelum Afroz1Shafiq Rehman2Syeda Huma Bukhari3Khalid Iqbal4Amana Khatoon5Nadia Taimur6Shazia Sakhi7Nisar Ahmad8Riaz Ullah9Essam A. Ali10Ahmed Bari11Hidayat Hussain12Ghazala Nawaz13Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, PakistanDepartment of Biology, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, PakistanCenter for Biotechnology and Microbiology (CB&M), Center of Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Mingora 19200, PakistanCenter for Biotechnology and Microbiology (CB&M), Center of Plant Sciences and Biodiversity, University of Swat, Mingora 19200, PakistanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Salle), GermanyDepartment of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, PakistanAbiotic stresses are the biggest threat to the increasing population worldwide. Salt stress is one of the most significant abiotic stresses, affecting 20% of the crop production around the world. Plant-derived smoke (PDS) has been reported as a biologically active plant product in stimulating seed germination, seedling growth and physiological characteristics of crops under abiotic stress conditions. Nevertheless, studies showing how PDS alleviates salt stress are largely unknown. Here, we report the molecular mechanism of how PDS could alleviate salt stress in wheat. Initially, PDS at 2000 ppm enhanced seed germination, root/shoot length and seedling fresh weight. However, PDS at 1000 and 500 ppm did not show any significant effect. Salt stress at 150 and 200 mM significantly reduced seed germination rate, root/shoot length and fresh weight of the wheat seedlings. Interestingly, PDS supplementation at 2000 ppm concentration was sufficient to restore seed germination under salt stress condition. Moreover, PDS improved root/shoot length and seedling biomass under 150 and 200 mM salt stress, suggesting that PDS is a potent plant product, capable of abiotic stress alleviation in crops. In comparison to the control, PDS-treated seedlings displayed increased activity of major antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase under salt stress, resulting in reduced levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidase, showing that PDS can possibly help in salt stress amelioration by regulating redox homeostasis. Importantly, salt stress altered the expression of germination marker genes, such as <i>TaSAM</i>, <i>TaPHY</i>, <i>TaBGU</i> (germination positive effectors), <i>TaLEA</i> and <i>TaGARS34</i> (germination negative effectors), suggesting the potential role of PDS in the germination pathway under salt stress. Further, PDS modulated the transcript levels of several salt stress stress-responsive genes, including <i>TaSOS4</i>, <i>TaBADH</i> and <i>TaHKT2</i>. In conclusion, this study provides a molecular and physiological basis for elucidating the mechanism of how PDS functions in stress induction in wheat, as well as demonstrates the importance of PDS in agricultural practices, laying the groundwork for future research into the role of PDS in the amelioration of abiotic stresses in various plants.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/1/28smokesalt stressstress alleviationgermination marker genessalt marker genes |
| spellingShingle | Nailla Hayat Neelum Afroz Shafiq Rehman Syeda Huma Bukhari Khalid Iqbal Amana Khatoon Nadia Taimur Shazia Sakhi Nisar Ahmad Riaz Ullah Essam A. Ali Ahmed Bari Hidayat Hussain Ghazala Nawaz Plant-Derived Smoke Ameliorates Salt Stress in Wheat by Enhancing Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity Agronomy smoke salt stress stress alleviation germination marker genes salt marker genes |
| title | Plant-Derived Smoke Ameliorates Salt Stress in Wheat by Enhancing Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity |
| title_full | Plant-Derived Smoke Ameliorates Salt Stress in Wheat by Enhancing Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity |
| title_fullStr | Plant-Derived Smoke Ameliorates Salt Stress in Wheat by Enhancing Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant-Derived Smoke Ameliorates Salt Stress in Wheat by Enhancing Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity |
| title_short | Plant-Derived Smoke Ameliorates Salt Stress in Wheat by Enhancing Expressions of Stress-Responsive Genes and Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity |
| title_sort | plant derived smoke ameliorates salt stress in wheat by enhancing expressions of stress responsive genes and antioxidant enzymatic activity |
| topic | smoke salt stress stress alleviation germination marker genes salt marker genes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/1/28 |
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