Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets
The involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) in individuals with depression may elicit neuroinflammatory proc...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/5/423 |
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| author | Bruna R. Kouba Laura de Araujo Borba Pedro Borges de Souza Joana Gil-Mohapel Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues |
| author_facet | Bruna R. Kouba Laura de Araujo Borba Pedro Borges de Souza Joana Gil-Mohapel Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues |
| author_sort | Bruna R. Kouba |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) in individuals with depression may elicit neuroinflammatory processes and peripheral inflammation, mechanisms that, in turn, can contribute to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Together, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis induce alterations in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in decreased serotonin synthesis, impairments in neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. This review aims to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms (neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, and gut dysbiosis) involved in the pathophysiology of MDD and to explore novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for this psychiatric disturbance. Several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to antidepressants, physical exercise, probiotics, and nutraceuticals (agmatine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin D) possess anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to their antidepressant properties. Further studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic benefits of these alternative therapies for MDD. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:33:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-23a4019be57e4d0aac2f25ee9706e12e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:33:04Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-23a4019be57e4d0aac2f25ee9706e12e2024-03-12T16:41:39ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092024-02-0113542310.3390/cells13050423Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological TargetsBruna R. Kouba0Laura de Araujo Borba1Pedro Borges de Souza2Joana Gil-Mohapel3Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues4Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, BrazilDepartment of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, BrazilIsland Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, CanadaDepartment of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, BrazilThe involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) in individuals with depression may elicit neuroinflammatory processes and peripheral inflammation, mechanisms that, in turn, can contribute to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Together, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis induce alterations in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in decreased serotonin synthesis, impairments in neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. This review aims to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms (neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, and gut dysbiosis) involved in the pathophysiology of MDD and to explore novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for this psychiatric disturbance. Several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to antidepressants, physical exercise, probiotics, and nutraceuticals (agmatine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin D) possess anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to their antidepressant properties. Further studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic benefits of these alternative therapies for MDD.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/5/423anti-inflammatory approachesgut dysbiosisinflammationmajor depressive disorder |
| spellingShingle | Bruna R. Kouba Laura de Araujo Borba Pedro Borges de Souza Joana Gil-Mohapel Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets Cells anti-inflammatory approaches gut dysbiosis inflammation major depressive disorder |
| title | Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets |
| title_full | Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets |
| title_fullStr | Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets |
| title_short | Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets |
| title_sort | role of inflammatory mechanisms in major depressive disorder from etiology to potential pharmacological targets |
| topic | anti-inflammatory approaches gut dysbiosis inflammation major depressive disorder |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/13/5/423 |
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