Secondary sources of PM2.5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ions in Bangkok
Ambient PM2.5 pollution can affect human health and the environment in global megacities. Secondary PM2.5 is produced by physical and chemical reactions of primary air pollutants. Sources of secondary PM2.5 in Bangkok have been considered in most on-target investigations for the control and manageme...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Environmental Advances |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765722001727 |
| _version_ | 1797884459919343616 |
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| author | Tanawan Rattanapotanan Thunyapat Thongyen Surat Bualert Parkpoom Choomanee Panwadee Suwattiga Thitima Rungrattanaubon Titinan Utavong Jitlada Phupijit Nitchakarn Changplaiy |
| author_facet | Tanawan Rattanapotanan Thunyapat Thongyen Surat Bualert Parkpoom Choomanee Panwadee Suwattiga Thitima Rungrattanaubon Titinan Utavong Jitlada Phupijit Nitchakarn Changplaiy |
| author_sort | Tanawan Rattanapotanan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ambient PM2.5 pollution can affect human health and the environment in global megacities. Secondary PM2.5 is produced by physical and chemical reactions of primary air pollutants. Sources of secondary PM2.5 in Bangkok have been considered in most on-target investigations for the control and management of air quality. This research aims to identify the vertical distribution of secondary PM2.5 sources in Bangkok, Thailand. Vertical distributions of PM2.5 in haze and non-haze periods were collected at different heights (30, 75, and 110 m above ground level) at the Air Pollutants Monitoring Tower, Kasetsart University (KU tower) between November 2020 and July 2021. The carbon components were analyzed by an OCEC analyzer using the IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) protocol, and the ionic species were determined by ion chromatography. The results showed that the organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) ratios of PM2.5 tended to increase with altitude at 30, 75, and 110 m in the range of 2.0 - 7.7, 3.4 - 8.0 and 3.0 - 16.6, respectively. In the haze period (Jan-Feb 2021), the SOC within PM2.5 was the highest at 110 m which was 24.5%. In addition, the key components of SOC, NO3−, NH4+, and SO42− within PM2.5 were found in secondary aerosols in Bangkok. The chemical compositions indicated that secondary PM2.5 is mainly contributed by local vehicle exhaust (30 m) and long-range transported biomass burning (75 and 110 m). This research provides useful information that could be applied for urban secondary PM2.5 control and management. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T04:06:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-23af132bef2348f99e1aa4da62747036 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2666-7657 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T04:06:55Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Advances |
| spelling | doaj.art-23af132bef2348f99e1aa4da627470362023-03-13T04:16:18ZengElsevierEnvironmental Advances2666-76572023-04-0111100337Secondary sources of PM2.5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ions in BangkokTanawan Rattanapotanan0Thunyapat Thongyen1Surat Bualert2Parkpoom Choomanee3Panwadee Suwattiga4Thitima Rungrattanaubon5Titinan Utavong6Jitlada Phupijit7Nitchakarn Changplaiy8Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Corresponding author.Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Agro-Industry, Food and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, ThailandDepartment of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandDepartment of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, ThailandAmbient PM2.5 pollution can affect human health and the environment in global megacities. Secondary PM2.5 is produced by physical and chemical reactions of primary air pollutants. Sources of secondary PM2.5 in Bangkok have been considered in most on-target investigations for the control and management of air quality. This research aims to identify the vertical distribution of secondary PM2.5 sources in Bangkok, Thailand. Vertical distributions of PM2.5 in haze and non-haze periods were collected at different heights (30, 75, and 110 m above ground level) at the Air Pollutants Monitoring Tower, Kasetsart University (KU tower) between November 2020 and July 2021. The carbon components were analyzed by an OCEC analyzer using the IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) protocol, and the ionic species were determined by ion chromatography. The results showed that the organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) ratios of PM2.5 tended to increase with altitude at 30, 75, and 110 m in the range of 2.0 - 7.7, 3.4 - 8.0 and 3.0 - 16.6, respectively. In the haze period (Jan-Feb 2021), the SOC within PM2.5 was the highest at 110 m which was 24.5%. In addition, the key components of SOC, NO3−, NH4+, and SO42− within PM2.5 were found in secondary aerosols in Bangkok. The chemical compositions indicated that secondary PM2.5 is mainly contributed by local vehicle exhaust (30 m) and long-range transported biomass burning (75 and 110 m). This research provides useful information that could be applied for urban secondary PM2.5 control and management.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765722001727Carbon compositionWater soluble ionsSecondary sourcesPM2.5Vertical distribution |
| spellingShingle | Tanawan Rattanapotanan Thunyapat Thongyen Surat Bualert Parkpoom Choomanee Panwadee Suwattiga Thitima Rungrattanaubon Titinan Utavong Jitlada Phupijit Nitchakarn Changplaiy Secondary sources of PM2.5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ions in Bangkok Environmental Advances Carbon composition Water soluble ions Secondary sources PM2.5 Vertical distribution |
| title | Secondary sources of PM2.5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ions in Bangkok |
| title_full | Secondary sources of PM2.5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ions in Bangkok |
| title_fullStr | Secondary sources of PM2.5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ions in Bangkok |
| title_full_unstemmed | Secondary sources of PM2.5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ions in Bangkok |
| title_short | Secondary sources of PM2.5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon, elemental carbon, and water-soluble ions in Bangkok |
| title_sort | secondary sources of pm2 5 based on the vertical distribution of organic carbon elemental carbon and water soluble ions in bangkok |
| topic | Carbon composition Water soluble ions Secondary sources PM2.5 Vertical distribution |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666765722001727 |
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