A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Agriculture
The Internet of Things defines a global and comprehensive network whose task is to monitor and control the physical world by collecting, processing, and analyzing data sensed by IoT devices. This network has succeeded in various areas, and one of its most important applications is in smart agricultu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Mathematics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/1/80 |
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| author | Mehdi Hosseinzadeh Jawad Tanveer Amir Masoud Rahmani Efat Yousefpoor Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor Faheem Khan Amir Haider |
| author_facet | Mehdi Hosseinzadeh Jawad Tanveer Amir Masoud Rahmani Efat Yousefpoor Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor Faheem Khan Amir Haider |
| author_sort | Mehdi Hosseinzadeh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Internet of Things defines a global and comprehensive network whose task is to monitor and control the physical world by collecting, processing, and analyzing data sensed by IoT devices. This network has succeeded in various areas, and one of its most important applications is in smart agriculture because there are many demands for producing high-quality foodstuff in the world. These demands need new production schemes in the agriculture area. In IoT, communication security is essential due to the extensive heterogeneity of IoT devices. In this paper, a cluster-tree-based secure routing approach using the dragonfly algorithm (CTSRD) is proposed for IoT. The proposed scheme presents a distributed and lightweight trust mechanism called weighted trust (W-Trust). W-Trust reduces the trust value corresponding to malicious nodes based on a penalty coefficient to isolate this node in the network. Furthermore, it improves the trust value of honest IoT devices based on a reward coefficient. Additionally, CTSRD introduces a trust-based clustering process called T-Clustering. In this clustering process, cluster head nodes (CHs) are selected among honest IoT nodes. Finally, CTSRD establishes a routing tree based on the dragonfly algorithm (DA) between CHs. This tree is called DA-Tree. To evaluate the quality of the routing tree, a new fitness function is provided in CTSRD. DA-Tree finds a secure, stable, and optimal routing tree to balance the consumed energy and boost the network lifetime. CTSRD is compared with EEMSR and E-BEENISH with regard to the network lifetime, consumed energy, and packet delivery rate. This comparison shows that our scheme can uniformly distribute the consumed energy in IoT and improves the energy consumption and network lifetime. However, it has a slightly lower packet delivery rate than EEMSR. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:54:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-23baf4d766174052b14d3ae9493d8851 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-7390 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:54:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematics |
| spelling | doaj.art-23baf4d766174052b14d3ae9493d88512023-11-16T15:53:06ZengMDPI AGMathematics2227-73902022-12-011118010.3390/math11010080A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart AgricultureMehdi Hosseinzadeh0Jawad Tanveer1Amir Masoud Rahmani2Efat Yousefpoor3Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor4Faheem Khan5Amir Haider6Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, VietnamDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of KoreaFuture Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Douliu 64002, TaiwanDepartment of Computer Engineering, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful 5716963896, IranDepartment of Computer Engineering, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful 5716963896, IranDepartment of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of KoreaSchool of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of KoreaThe Internet of Things defines a global and comprehensive network whose task is to monitor and control the physical world by collecting, processing, and analyzing data sensed by IoT devices. This network has succeeded in various areas, and one of its most important applications is in smart agriculture because there are many demands for producing high-quality foodstuff in the world. These demands need new production schemes in the agriculture area. In IoT, communication security is essential due to the extensive heterogeneity of IoT devices. In this paper, a cluster-tree-based secure routing approach using the dragonfly algorithm (CTSRD) is proposed for IoT. The proposed scheme presents a distributed and lightweight trust mechanism called weighted trust (W-Trust). W-Trust reduces the trust value corresponding to malicious nodes based on a penalty coefficient to isolate this node in the network. Furthermore, it improves the trust value of honest IoT devices based on a reward coefficient. Additionally, CTSRD introduces a trust-based clustering process called T-Clustering. In this clustering process, cluster head nodes (CHs) are selected among honest IoT nodes. Finally, CTSRD establishes a routing tree based on the dragonfly algorithm (DA) between CHs. This tree is called DA-Tree. To evaluate the quality of the routing tree, a new fitness function is provided in CTSRD. DA-Tree finds a secure, stable, and optimal routing tree to balance the consumed energy and boost the network lifetime. CTSRD is compared with EEMSR and E-BEENISH with regard to the network lifetime, consumed energy, and packet delivery rate. This comparison shows that our scheme can uniformly distribute the consumed energy in IoT and improves the energy consumption and network lifetime. However, it has a slightly lower packet delivery rate than EEMSR.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/1/80Internet of Things (IoT)smart agricultureroutingdragonfly algorithm (DA)wireless sensors networks (WSNs) |
| spellingShingle | Mehdi Hosseinzadeh Jawad Tanveer Amir Masoud Rahmani Efat Yousefpoor Mohammad Sadegh Yousefpoor Faheem Khan Amir Haider A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Agriculture Mathematics Internet of Things (IoT) smart agriculture routing dragonfly algorithm (DA) wireless sensors networks (WSNs) |
| title | A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Agriculture |
| title_full | A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Agriculture |
| title_fullStr | A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Agriculture |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Agriculture |
| title_short | A Cluster-Tree-Based Secure Routing Protocol Using Dragonfly Algorithm (DA) in the Internet of Things (IoT) for Smart Agriculture |
| title_sort | cluster tree based secure routing protocol using dragonfly algorithm da in the internet of things iot for smart agriculture |
| topic | Internet of Things (IoT) smart agriculture routing dragonfly algorithm (DA) wireless sensors networks (WSNs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/1/80 |
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