Infant Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Maternal Status and Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation
Iodine and selenium are essential trace elements. Recent studies indicate that pregnant and lactating women often have insufficient intake of iodine and selenium, but the impact on fetal and infant status is unclear. Here, we assessed iodine and selenium status of infants in relation to maternal int...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.733602/full |
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| author | Mia Stråvik Klara Gustin Malin Barman Malin Barman Helena Skröder Anna Sandin Agnes E. Wold Ann-Sofie Sandberg Maria Kippler Marie Vahter |
| author_facet | Mia Stråvik Klara Gustin Malin Barman Malin Barman Helena Skröder Anna Sandin Agnes E. Wold Ann-Sofie Sandberg Maria Kippler Marie Vahter |
| author_sort | Mia Stråvik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iodine and selenium are essential trace elements. Recent studies indicate that pregnant and lactating women often have insufficient intake of iodine and selenium, but the impact on fetal and infant status is unclear. Here, we assessed iodine and selenium status of infants in relation to maternal intake and status of these trace elements in the birth cohort NICE, conducted in northern Sweden (n = 604). Iodine was measured in urine (UIC) in gestational week 29, and in breast milk and infant urine 4 months postpartum, while selenium was measured in maternal plasma and erythrocytes in gestational week 29, and in breast milk and infant erythrocytes 4 months postpartum, in both cases using ICP-MS. Maternal intake was assessed with semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in gestational week 34 and at 4 months postpartum. The median intake of iodine and selenium during pregnancy (98 and 40 μg/d, respectively) and lactation (108 and 39 μg/d, respectively) was below recommended intakes, reflected in insufficient status (median UIC of 113 μg/L, median plasma selenium of 65 μg/L). Also, breast milk concentrations (median iodine 77 μg/L, median selenium 9 μg/L) were unlikely to meet infant requirements. Median UIC of the infants was 114 μg/L and median erythrocyte selenium 96 μg/kg, both similar to the maternal concentrations. Infant UIC correlated strongly with breast milk levels (rho = 0.64, p < 0.001). Their erythrocyte selenium correlated with maternal erythrocyte selenium in pregnancy (rho = 0.38, p < 0.001), but not with breast milk selenium, suggesting formation of prenatal reserves. Our results indicate that the transport of iodine and selenium to the fetus and infant is prioritized. Still, it is uncertain whether most infants had sufficient intakes. Further, the results might indicate an involvement of iodine in asthma development during the first year of life, which is essential to follow up. The low maternal and infant dietary intake of both iodine and selenium, especially when the mothers did not use supplements or iodized table salt, suggest a need for a general screening of women and young children. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T21:28:10Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-23ca110edea04241aebbe1ce921f0026 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T21:28:10Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-23ca110edea04241aebbe1ce921f00262022-12-21T18:11:59ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2021-12-01810.3389/fnut.2021.733602733602Infant Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Maternal Status and Diet During Pregnancy and LactationMia Stråvik0Klara Gustin1Malin Barman2Malin Barman3Helena Skröder4Anna Sandin5Agnes E. Wold6Ann-Sofie Sandberg7Maria Kippler8Marie Vahter9Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Clinical Science, Pediatrics, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, SwedenDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SwedenInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SwedenIodine and selenium are essential trace elements. Recent studies indicate that pregnant and lactating women often have insufficient intake of iodine and selenium, but the impact on fetal and infant status is unclear. Here, we assessed iodine and selenium status of infants in relation to maternal intake and status of these trace elements in the birth cohort NICE, conducted in northern Sweden (n = 604). Iodine was measured in urine (UIC) in gestational week 29, and in breast milk and infant urine 4 months postpartum, while selenium was measured in maternal plasma and erythrocytes in gestational week 29, and in breast milk and infant erythrocytes 4 months postpartum, in both cases using ICP-MS. Maternal intake was assessed with semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires in gestational week 34 and at 4 months postpartum. The median intake of iodine and selenium during pregnancy (98 and 40 μg/d, respectively) and lactation (108 and 39 μg/d, respectively) was below recommended intakes, reflected in insufficient status (median UIC of 113 μg/L, median plasma selenium of 65 μg/L). Also, breast milk concentrations (median iodine 77 μg/L, median selenium 9 μg/L) were unlikely to meet infant requirements. Median UIC of the infants was 114 μg/L and median erythrocyte selenium 96 μg/kg, both similar to the maternal concentrations. Infant UIC correlated strongly with breast milk levels (rho = 0.64, p < 0.001). Their erythrocyte selenium correlated with maternal erythrocyte selenium in pregnancy (rho = 0.38, p < 0.001), but not with breast milk selenium, suggesting formation of prenatal reserves. Our results indicate that the transport of iodine and selenium to the fetus and infant is prioritized. Still, it is uncertain whether most infants had sufficient intakes. Further, the results might indicate an involvement of iodine in asthma development during the first year of life, which is essential to follow up. The low maternal and infant dietary intake of both iodine and selenium, especially when the mothers did not use supplements or iodized table salt, suggest a need for a general screening of women and young children.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.733602/fulliodineseleniumpregnancybreast milkinfantdietary intake |
| spellingShingle | Mia Stråvik Klara Gustin Malin Barman Malin Barman Helena Skröder Anna Sandin Agnes E. Wold Ann-Sofie Sandberg Maria Kippler Marie Vahter Infant Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Maternal Status and Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation Frontiers in Nutrition iodine selenium pregnancy breast milk infant dietary intake |
| title | Infant Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Maternal Status and Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation |
| title_full | Infant Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Maternal Status and Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation |
| title_fullStr | Infant Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Maternal Status and Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Infant Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Maternal Status and Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation |
| title_short | Infant Iodine and Selenium Status in Relation to Maternal Status and Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation |
| title_sort | infant iodine and selenium status in relation to maternal status and diet during pregnancy and lactation |
| topic | iodine selenium pregnancy breast milk infant dietary intake |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.733602/full |
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