Confocal Laser Scanner Evaluation of Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan Nanodroplets Loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride
The aim was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy and penetration depth into dentinal tubules of a solution of chitosan nanodroplets (NDs) loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride (BAK). Seventy-two human single-root teeth with fully formed apex were used. Cylindrical root dentin blocks were longitudinall...
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/6/1650 |
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| author | Mario Alovisi Damiano Pasqualini Narcisa Mandras Janira Roana Pietro Costamagna Allegra Comba Roberta Cavalli Anna Luganini Alfredo Iandolo Lorenza Cavallo Nicola Scotti Elio Berutti |
| author_facet | Mario Alovisi Damiano Pasqualini Narcisa Mandras Janira Roana Pietro Costamagna Allegra Comba Roberta Cavalli Anna Luganini Alfredo Iandolo Lorenza Cavallo Nicola Scotti Elio Berutti |
| author_sort | Mario Alovisi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy and penetration depth into dentinal tubules of a solution of chitosan nanodroplets (NDs) loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride (BAK). Seventy-two human single-root teeth with fully formed apex were used. Cylindrical root dentin blocks were longitudinally sectioned and enlarged to a size of a Gates Glidden drill #4. After sterilization, root canals were infected with <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> ATCC 29212 and further incubated for three weeks. Specimens were assigned to three experimental groups (<i>n</i> = 20), plus positive (<i>n</i> = 6) and negative (<i>n</i> = 6) controls. In the first group, irrigation was achieved with 2 mL of NDs solution loaded with BAK (NDs-BAK), in the second with 2 mL of 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and in the last with 2 mL of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Specimens were rinsed and vertically fractured. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and viability staining were used to analyze the proportions of dead and live bacteria quantitatively. The volume ratio of red fluorescence (dead) was calculated in 3D reconstructions. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni tests (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The ratio of red fluorescence over the whole green/red fluorescence resulted in a significant comparison of NDs-BAK with NaOCl (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and NaOCl with CHX (<i>p</i> < 0.01). No differences were found between NDs-BAK and CHX (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The mean depth of efficacy was, respectively: NDs-BAK 325.25 μm, NaOCl 273.36 μm and CHX 246.78 μm with no statistical differences between groups. The NaOCl solution showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy, but nanodroplets with BAK seemed to have the same effect as CHX with a high depth of efficacy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:37:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-23f62dfe9e1e4bd69046f9591bac5403 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T19:37:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-23f62dfe9e1e4bd69046f9591bac54032023-11-24T01:50:05ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832022-03-01116165010.3390/jcm11061650Confocal Laser Scanner Evaluation of Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan Nanodroplets Loaded with Benzalkonium ChlorideMario Alovisi0Damiano Pasqualini1Narcisa Mandras2Janira Roana3Pietro Costamagna4Allegra Comba5Roberta Cavalli6Anna Luganini7Alfredo Iandolo8Lorenza Cavallo9Nicola Scotti10Elio Berutti11Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno Medical School, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, ItalyDepartment of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, ItalyThe aim was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy and penetration depth into dentinal tubules of a solution of chitosan nanodroplets (NDs) loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride (BAK). Seventy-two human single-root teeth with fully formed apex were used. Cylindrical root dentin blocks were longitudinally sectioned and enlarged to a size of a Gates Glidden drill #4. After sterilization, root canals were infected with <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> ATCC 29212 and further incubated for three weeks. Specimens were assigned to three experimental groups (<i>n</i> = 20), plus positive (<i>n</i> = 6) and negative (<i>n</i> = 6) controls. In the first group, irrigation was achieved with 2 mL of NDs solution loaded with BAK (NDs-BAK), in the second with 2 mL of 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and in the last with 2 mL of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Specimens were rinsed and vertically fractured. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and viability staining were used to analyze the proportions of dead and live bacteria quantitatively. The volume ratio of red fluorescence (dead) was calculated in 3D reconstructions. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni tests (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The ratio of red fluorescence over the whole green/red fluorescence resulted in a significant comparison of NDs-BAK with NaOCl (<i>p</i> < 0.01) and NaOCl with CHX (<i>p</i> < 0.01). No differences were found between NDs-BAK and CHX (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The mean depth of efficacy was, respectively: NDs-BAK 325.25 μm, NaOCl 273.36 μm and CHX 246.78 μm with no statistical differences between groups. The NaOCl solution showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy, but nanodroplets with BAK seemed to have the same effect as CHX with a high depth of efficacy.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/6/1650nanodropletsconfocal laser microscopebenzalkonium chloridechlorhexidinesodium hypochloriteviability staining |
| spellingShingle | Mario Alovisi Damiano Pasqualini Narcisa Mandras Janira Roana Pietro Costamagna Allegra Comba Roberta Cavalli Anna Luganini Alfredo Iandolo Lorenza Cavallo Nicola Scotti Elio Berutti Confocal Laser Scanner Evaluation of Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan Nanodroplets Loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride Journal of Clinical Medicine nanodroplets confocal laser microscope benzalkonium chloride chlorhexidine sodium hypochlorite viability staining |
| title | Confocal Laser Scanner Evaluation of Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan Nanodroplets Loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride |
| title_full | Confocal Laser Scanner Evaluation of Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan Nanodroplets Loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride |
| title_fullStr | Confocal Laser Scanner Evaluation of Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan Nanodroplets Loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride |
| title_full_unstemmed | Confocal Laser Scanner Evaluation of Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan Nanodroplets Loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride |
| title_short | Confocal Laser Scanner Evaluation of Bactericidal Effect of Chitosan Nanodroplets Loaded with Benzalkonium Chloride |
| title_sort | confocal laser scanner evaluation of bactericidal effect of chitosan nanodroplets loaded with benzalkonium chloride |
| topic | nanodroplets confocal laser microscope benzalkonium chloride chlorhexidine sodium hypochlorite viability staining |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/6/1650 |
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