The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979–2020
The seasonal and regional variability of Arctic sea ice area (SIA) and thickness (SIT) were investigated between 1979 and 2020 for the Atlantic sector (AS), Pacific sector (PS) and Barents–Kara Seas (BKSs). We applied the SIA data from remote sensing observations and SIT data from numerical model ca...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-02-01
|
| Series: | Remote Sensing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/904 |
| _version_ | 1827652924883337216 |
|---|---|
| author | Mengmeng Li Changqing Ke Bin Cheng Xiaoyi Shen Yue He Dexuan Sha |
| author_facet | Mengmeng Li Changqing Ke Bin Cheng Xiaoyi Shen Yue He Dexuan Sha |
| author_sort | Mengmeng Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The seasonal and regional variability of Arctic sea ice area (SIA) and thickness (SIT) were investigated between 1979 and 2020 for the Atlantic sector (AS), Pacific sector (PS) and Barents–Kara Seas (BKSs). We applied the SIA data from remote sensing observations and SIT data from numerical model calculations. We found the large summer variability of SIA and SIT in AS and PS compared with those in winter. The opposite feature was seen in the BKSs. The annual declining rates of SIA and SIT were the largest in PS (−1.73 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) and AS (−3.36 × 10<sup>−2</sup> m yr<sup>−1</sup>), respectively. The SIA variability was modest for winter PS and the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago of AS. The annual and winter SIA flux from PS to AS gradually increased in 1979–2020; the summer SIA flux accounted for 11% of the PS summer SIA decline. The annual and seasonal SIA outflow through the Fram Strait during 1979–2020 steadily increased while for annual and winter SIA export, the increase mainly occurred in 1979–2000; the summer SIA outflow was only 1.45% equivalent to the decrease in the entire Arctic summer SIA. We concluded that sea ice export was not a major impact factor on the seasonal and regional decline of SIA and SIT except for the individual years. The near surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) were responsible for the retreat and thinning of the sea ice. The dramatic increase in SAT in winter resulted in a strong decrease in winter sea ice in BKS. The outgoing longwave radiation had significant negative correlations with SIA and SIT and positive correlations with SAT and SST. The Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation, related to the North Atlantic Ocean’s SST anomalies, had significant negative correlations with SIA and SIT. The SIT had higher correlations with the atmospheric and oceanic factors compared with SIA, which indicates that SIT is important for predictions of Arctic sea ice and climate change. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:08:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2408aa1f2e1b4e66abf32b7692a241b0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:08:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-2408aa1f2e1b4e66abf32b7692a241b02023-11-23T21:53:56ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-02-0114490410.3390/rs14040904The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979–2020Mengmeng Li0Changqing Ke1Bin Cheng2Xiaoyi Shen3Yue He4Dexuan Sha5Henan Academy of Big Data, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, ChinaSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaFinnish Meteorological Institute, FI-00101 Helsinki, FinlandSchool of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, ChinaNational Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, ChinaDepartment of Geography and GeoInformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USAThe seasonal and regional variability of Arctic sea ice area (SIA) and thickness (SIT) were investigated between 1979 and 2020 for the Atlantic sector (AS), Pacific sector (PS) and Barents–Kara Seas (BKSs). We applied the SIA data from remote sensing observations and SIT data from numerical model calculations. We found the large summer variability of SIA and SIT in AS and PS compared with those in winter. The opposite feature was seen in the BKSs. The annual declining rates of SIA and SIT were the largest in PS (−1.73 × 10<sup>4</sup> km<sup>2</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) and AS (−3.36 × 10<sup>−2</sup> m yr<sup>−1</sup>), respectively. The SIA variability was modest for winter PS and the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago of AS. The annual and winter SIA flux from PS to AS gradually increased in 1979–2020; the summer SIA flux accounted for 11% of the PS summer SIA decline. The annual and seasonal SIA outflow through the Fram Strait during 1979–2020 steadily increased while for annual and winter SIA export, the increase mainly occurred in 1979–2000; the summer SIA outflow was only 1.45% equivalent to the decrease in the entire Arctic summer SIA. We concluded that sea ice export was not a major impact factor on the seasonal and regional decline of SIA and SIT except for the individual years. The near surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) were responsible for the retreat and thinning of the sea ice. The dramatic increase in SAT in winter resulted in a strong decrease in winter sea ice in BKS. The outgoing longwave radiation had significant negative correlations with SIA and SIT and positive correlations with SAT and SST. The Atlantic multi-decadal oscillation, related to the North Atlantic Ocean’s SST anomalies, had significant negative correlations with SIA and SIT. The SIT had higher correlations with the atmospheric and oceanic factors compared with SIA, which indicates that SIT is important for predictions of Arctic sea ice and climate change.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/904sea ice area and thicknessseasonal and regional variabilitysea ice exportatmospheric and oceanic factorsArctic |
| spellingShingle | Mengmeng Li Changqing Ke Bin Cheng Xiaoyi Shen Yue He Dexuan Sha The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979–2020 Remote Sensing sea ice area and thickness seasonal and regional variability sea ice export atmospheric and oceanic factors Arctic |
| title | The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979–2020 |
| title_full | The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979–2020 |
| title_fullStr | The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979–2020 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979–2020 |
| title_short | The Roles of Sea Ice Export, Atmospheric and Oceanic Factors in the Seasonal and Regional Variability of Arctic Sea Ice during 1979–2020 |
| title_sort | roles of sea ice export atmospheric and oceanic factors in the seasonal and regional variability of arctic sea ice during 1979 2020 |
| topic | sea ice area and thickness seasonal and regional variability sea ice export atmospheric and oceanic factors Arctic |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/4/904 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mengmengli therolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT changqingke therolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT bincheng therolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT xiaoyishen therolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT yuehe therolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT dexuansha therolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT mengmengli rolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT changqingke rolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT bincheng rolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT xiaoyishen rolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT yuehe rolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 AT dexuansha rolesofseaiceexportatmosphericandoceanicfactorsintheseasonalandregionalvariabilityofarcticseaiceduring19792020 |