<i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i>
Postharvest fruit rot caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (<i>Cucumis melo</i>). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investig...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/1/46 |
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| author | Warin Intana Suchawadee Kheawleng Anurag Sunpapao |
| author_facet | Warin Intana Suchawadee Kheawleng Anurag Sunpapao |
| author_sort | Warin Intana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Postharvest fruit rot caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (<i>Cucumis melo</i>). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in the biocontrol of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons by <i>Trichoderma</i> species. Seven <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. isolates were selected for in vitro testing against <i>F. incarnatum</i> in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay. In other relevant works, <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 showed a significantly higher percentage of inhibition (81%) than other isolates. Through the sealed plate method, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14 proved effective at inhibiting the fungal growth of <i>F. incarnatum</i> by 62.5%. Solid-phase microextraction GC/MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted from <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14, whereas the dominant compound was tentatively identified as phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). We have tested commercial volatile (PEA) against in vitro growth of <i>F. incarnatum</i>; the result showed PEA at a concentration of 1.5 mg mL<sup>−1</sup> suppressed fungal growth with 56% inhibition. Both VOCs and PEA caused abnormal changes in the fungal mycelia. In vivo testing showed that the lesion size of muskmelons exposed to VOCs from <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14 was significantly smaller than that of the control. Muskmelons exposed to VOCs from <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14 showed no fruit rot after incubation at seven days compared to fruit rot in the control. This study demonstrated the ability of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14 to produce volatile antifungal compounds, showing that it can be a major mechanism involved in and responsible for the successful inhibition of <i>F. incarnatum</i> and control of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:05:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-240a5d33f1724ee1a17514dedf820aef |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:05:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-240a5d33f1724ee1a17514dedf820aef2023-12-03T12:54:26ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2021-01-01714610.3390/jof7010046<i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i>Warin Intana0Suchawadee Kheawleng1Anurag Sunpapao2School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry, Walailak University, Tha Sala, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, ThailandGraduate School, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90112, ThailandAgricultural Innovation and Management Division, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai 90112, ThailandPostharvest fruit rot caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> is a destructive postharvest disease of muskmelon (<i>Cucumis melo</i>). Biocontrol by antagonistic microorganisms is considered an alternative to synthetic fungicide application. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of action involved in the biocontrol of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons by <i>Trichoderma</i> species. Seven <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. isolates were selected for in vitro testing against <i>F. incarnatum</i> in potato dextrose agar (PDA) by dual culture assay. In other relevant works, <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 showed a significantly higher percentage of inhibition (81%) than other isolates. Through the sealed plate method, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14 proved effective at inhibiting the fungal growth of <i>F. incarnatum</i> by 62.5%. Solid-phase microextraction GC/MS analysis revealed several VOCs emitted from <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14, whereas the dominant compound was tentatively identified as phenylethyl alcohol (PEA). We have tested commercial volatile (PEA) against in vitro growth of <i>F. incarnatum</i>; the result showed PEA at a concentration of 1.5 mg mL<sup>−1</sup> suppressed fungal growth with 56% inhibition. Both VOCs and PEA caused abnormal changes in the fungal mycelia. In vivo testing showed that the lesion size of muskmelons exposed to VOCs from <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14 was significantly smaller than that of the control. Muskmelons exposed to VOCs from <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14 showed no fruit rot after incubation at seven days compared to fruit rot in the control. This study demonstrated the ability of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> T76-14 to produce volatile antifungal compounds, showing that it can be a major mechanism involved in and responsible for the successful inhibition of <i>F. incarnatum</i> and control of postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/1/46muskmelonbiocontrol agentvolatile compounds<i>Trichoderma</i> |
| spellingShingle | Warin Intana Suchawadee Kheawleng Anurag Sunpapao <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> Journal of Fungi muskmelon biocontrol agent volatile compounds <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| title | <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> |
| title_full | <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> |
| title_fullStr | <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> |
| title_short | <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> T76-14 Released Volatile Organic Compounds against Postharvest Fruit Rot in Muskmelons (<i>Cucumis melo</i>) Caused by <i>Fusarium incarnatum</i> |
| title_sort | i trichoderma asperellum i t76 14 released volatile organic compounds against postharvest fruit rot in muskmelons i cucumis melo i caused by i fusarium incarnatum i |
| topic | muskmelon biocontrol agent volatile compounds <i>Trichoderma</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/7/1/46 |
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