Distribution and Functions of Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in Plants: Comprehensive Reverse Genetic Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Enzymes
Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) is an enzyme involved in ascorbate recycling. <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> has five <i>MDAR</i> genes that encode two cytosolic, one cytosolic/peroxisomal, one peroxisomal membrane-attached, and one chloroplastic/mitochondrial isoform. In...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/11/1726 |
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| author | Mio Tanaka Ryuki Takahashi Akane Hamada Yusuke Terai Takahisa Ogawa Yoshihiro Sawa Takahiro Ishikawa Takanori Maruta |
| author_facet | Mio Tanaka Ryuki Takahashi Akane Hamada Yusuke Terai Takahisa Ogawa Yoshihiro Sawa Takahiro Ishikawa Takanori Maruta |
| author_sort | Mio Tanaka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) is an enzyme involved in ascorbate recycling. <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> has five <i>MDAR</i> genes that encode two cytosolic, one cytosolic/peroxisomal, one peroxisomal membrane-attached, and one chloroplastic/mitochondrial isoform. In contrast, tomato plants possess only three enzymes, lacking the cytosol-specific enzymes. Thus, the number and distribution of MDAR isoforms differ according to plant species. Moreover, the physiological significance of MDARs remains poorly understood. In this study, we classify plant MDARs into three classes: class I, chloroplastic/mitochondrial enzymes; class II, peroxisomal membrane-attached enzymes; and class III, cytosolic/peroxisomal enzymes. The cytosol-specific isoforms form a subclass of class III and are conserved only in Brassicaceae plants. With some exceptions, all land plants and a charophyte algae, <i>Klebsormidium flaccidum</i>, contain all three classes. Using reverse genetic analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> mutants lacking one or more isoforms, we provide new insight into the roles of MDARs; for example, (1) the lack of two isoforms in a specific combination results in lethality, and (2) the role of MDARs in ascorbate redox regulation in leaves can be largely compensated by other systems. Based on these findings, we discuss the distribution and function of MDAR isoforms in land plants and their cooperation with other recycling systems. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:44:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2425bec247c0408dae49fa228278c941 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:44:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-2425bec247c0408dae49fa228278c9412023-11-22T22:12:48ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212021-10-011011172610.3390/antiox10111726Distribution and Functions of Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in Plants: Comprehensive Reverse Genetic Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> EnzymesMio Tanaka0Ryuki Takahashi1Akane Hamada2Yusuke Terai3Takahisa Ogawa4Yoshihiro Sawa5Takahiro Ishikawa6Takanori Maruta7Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanDepartment of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanDepartment of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanDepartment of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Shimane, JapanMonodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR) is an enzyme involved in ascorbate recycling. <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> has five <i>MDAR</i> genes that encode two cytosolic, one cytosolic/peroxisomal, one peroxisomal membrane-attached, and one chloroplastic/mitochondrial isoform. In contrast, tomato plants possess only three enzymes, lacking the cytosol-specific enzymes. Thus, the number and distribution of MDAR isoforms differ according to plant species. Moreover, the physiological significance of MDARs remains poorly understood. In this study, we classify plant MDARs into three classes: class I, chloroplastic/mitochondrial enzymes; class II, peroxisomal membrane-attached enzymes; and class III, cytosolic/peroxisomal enzymes. The cytosol-specific isoforms form a subclass of class III and are conserved only in Brassicaceae plants. With some exceptions, all land plants and a charophyte algae, <i>Klebsormidium flaccidum</i>, contain all three classes. Using reverse genetic analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> mutants lacking one or more isoforms, we provide new insight into the roles of MDARs; for example, (1) the lack of two isoforms in a specific combination results in lethality, and (2) the role of MDARs in ascorbate redox regulation in leaves can be largely compensated by other systems. Based on these findings, we discuss the distribution and function of MDAR isoforms in land plants and their cooperation with other recycling systems.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/11/1726ascorbate recyclingmonodehydroascorbate reductasedehydroascorbate reductaselight stress<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> |
| spellingShingle | Mio Tanaka Ryuki Takahashi Akane Hamada Yusuke Terai Takahisa Ogawa Yoshihiro Sawa Takahiro Ishikawa Takanori Maruta Distribution and Functions of Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in Plants: Comprehensive Reverse Genetic Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Enzymes Antioxidants ascorbate recycling monodehydroascorbate reductase dehydroascorbate reductase light stress <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> |
| title | Distribution and Functions of Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in Plants: Comprehensive Reverse Genetic Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Enzymes |
| title_full | Distribution and Functions of Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in Plants: Comprehensive Reverse Genetic Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Enzymes |
| title_fullStr | Distribution and Functions of Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in Plants: Comprehensive Reverse Genetic Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Enzymes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distribution and Functions of Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in Plants: Comprehensive Reverse Genetic Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Enzymes |
| title_short | Distribution and Functions of Monodehydroascorbate Reductases in Plants: Comprehensive Reverse Genetic Analysis of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Enzymes |
| title_sort | distribution and functions of monodehydroascorbate reductases in plants comprehensive reverse genetic analysis of i arabidopsis thaliana i enzymes |
| topic | ascorbate recycling monodehydroascorbate reductase dehydroascorbate reductase light stress <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/11/1726 |
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