Anti-GD2 Directed Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is one of the few childhood cancers that carries a tumor-specific antigen in the form of a glycolipid antigen known as GD2. It has restricted expression in normal tissue, such as peripheral afferent nerves. Monoclonal antibodies targeting GD2 have been applied clinically to high-risk n...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-02-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/3/358 |
| _version_ | 1797472666249068544 |
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| author | Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan Carol Matias Chan |
| author_facet | Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan Carol Matias Chan |
| author_sort | Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Neuroblastoma is one of the few childhood cancers that carries a tumor-specific antigen in the form of a glycolipid antigen known as GD2. It has restricted expression in normal tissue, such as peripheral afferent nerves. Monoclonal antibodies targeting GD2 have been applied clinically to high-risk neuroblastoma with significant success. However, there are different anti-GD2 products and administration regimens. For example, anti-GD2 has been used in combination with chemotherapy during the induction phase or with retinoic acid during the maintenance stage. Regimens also vary in the choice of whether to add cytokines (i.e., IL-2, GMCSF, or both). Furthermore, the addition of an immune enhancer, such as β-glucan, or allogeneic natural killer cells also becomes a confounder in the interpretation. The question concerning which product or method of administration is superior remains to be determined. So far, most studies agree that adding anti-GD2 to the conventional treatment protocol can achieve better short- to intermediate-term event-free and overall survival, but the long-term efficacy remains to be verified. How to improve its efficacy is another challenge. Late relapse and central nervous system metastasis have emerged as new problems. The methods to overcome the mechanisms related to immune evasion or resistance to immunotherapy represent new challenges to be resolved. The newer anti-GD2 strategies, such as bispecific antibody linking of anti-GD2 with activated T cells or chimeric antigen receptor T cells, are currently under clinical trials, and they may become promising alternatives. The use of anti-GD2/GD3 tumor vaccine is a novel and potential approach to minimizing late relapse. How to induce GD2 expression from tumor cells using the epigenetic approach is a hot topic nowadays. We expect that anti-GD2 treatment can serve as a model for the use of monoclonal antibody immunotherapy against cancers in the future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:04:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-242dc39b514543308337c667a3e6992f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:04:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-242dc39b514543308337c667a3e6992f2023-11-24T00:34:47ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2022-02-0112335810.3390/biom12030358Anti-GD2 Directed Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic NeuroblastomaGodfrey Chi-Fung Chan0Carol Matias Chan1Department of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaFaculty of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 7BH, UKNeuroblastoma is one of the few childhood cancers that carries a tumor-specific antigen in the form of a glycolipid antigen known as GD2. It has restricted expression in normal tissue, such as peripheral afferent nerves. Monoclonal antibodies targeting GD2 have been applied clinically to high-risk neuroblastoma with significant success. However, there are different anti-GD2 products and administration regimens. For example, anti-GD2 has been used in combination with chemotherapy during the induction phase or with retinoic acid during the maintenance stage. Regimens also vary in the choice of whether to add cytokines (i.e., IL-2, GMCSF, or both). Furthermore, the addition of an immune enhancer, such as β-glucan, or allogeneic natural killer cells also becomes a confounder in the interpretation. The question concerning which product or method of administration is superior remains to be determined. So far, most studies agree that adding anti-GD2 to the conventional treatment protocol can achieve better short- to intermediate-term event-free and overall survival, but the long-term efficacy remains to be verified. How to improve its efficacy is another challenge. Late relapse and central nervous system metastasis have emerged as new problems. The methods to overcome the mechanisms related to immune evasion or resistance to immunotherapy represent new challenges to be resolved. The newer anti-GD2 strategies, such as bispecific antibody linking of anti-GD2 with activated T cells or chimeric antigen receptor T cells, are currently under clinical trials, and they may become promising alternatives. The use of anti-GD2/GD3 tumor vaccine is a novel and potential approach to minimizing late relapse. How to induce GD2 expression from tumor cells using the epigenetic approach is a hot topic nowadays. We expect that anti-GD2 treatment can serve as a model for the use of monoclonal antibody immunotherapy against cancers in the future.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/3/358anti-GD2neuroblastomaimmunotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan Carol Matias Chan Anti-GD2 Directed Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Neuroblastoma Biomolecules anti-GD2 neuroblastoma immunotherapy |
| title | Anti-GD2 Directed Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Neuroblastoma |
| title_full | Anti-GD2 Directed Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Neuroblastoma |
| title_fullStr | Anti-GD2 Directed Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Neuroblastoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-GD2 Directed Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Neuroblastoma |
| title_short | Anti-GD2 Directed Immunotherapy for High-Risk and Metastatic Neuroblastoma |
| title_sort | anti gd2 directed immunotherapy for high risk and metastatic neuroblastoma |
| topic | anti-GD2 neuroblastoma immunotherapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/12/3/358 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT godfreychifungchan antigd2directedimmunotherapyforhighriskandmetastaticneuroblastoma AT carolmatiaschan antigd2directedimmunotherapyforhighriskandmetastaticneuroblastoma |