The Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluids with Couple Stresses by the Convergent and Divergent Channel for the Applications of Drug Delivery
This research work aims to scrutinize the mathematical model for the hybrid nanofluid flow in a converging and diverging channel. Titanium dioxide and silver <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow>...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6330 |
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| author | Anwar Saeed Niqab Khan Taza Gul Wiyada Kumam Wajdi Alghamdi Poom Kumam |
| author_facet | Anwar Saeed Niqab Khan Taza Gul Wiyada Kumam Wajdi Alghamdi Poom Kumam |
| author_sort | Anwar Saeed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This research work aims to scrutinize the mathematical model for the hybrid nanofluid flow in a converging and diverging channel. Titanium dioxide and silver <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mi>and</mi><mo> </mo><mi>A</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> are considered as solid nanoparticles while blood is considered a base solvent. The couple-stress fluid model is essentially use to describe the blood flow. Therefore, the couple-stress term was used in the recent study with the existence of a magnetic field and a Darcy–Forchheiner porous medium. The heat absorption/omission and radiation terms were also included in the energy equation for the sustainability of drug delivery. An endeavor was made to link the recent study with the applications of drug delivery. It has already been revealed by the available literature that the combination of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> with any other metal can destroy cancer cells more effectively than <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> separately. Both the walls are stretchable/shrinkable, whereas flow is caused by a source or sink with α as a converging/diverging parameter. Governing equations were altered into the system of non-linear coupled equations by using the similarity variables. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) was applied to obtain the preferred solution. The influences of the modeled parameters have been calculated and displayed. The confrontation of wall shear stress and hybrid nanofluid flow increased as the couple stress parameter rose, which indicates an improvement in the stability of the base fluid (blood). The percentage (%) increase in the heat transfer rate with the variation of nanoparticle volume fraction was also calculated numerically and discussed theoretically. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:56:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-245b9ddaae314e0999086075c8780854 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:56:33Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-245b9ddaae314e0999086075c87808542023-11-22T21:19:39ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-10-012621633010.3390/molecules26216330The Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluids with Couple Stresses by the Convergent and Divergent Channel for the Applications of Drug DeliveryAnwar Saeed0Niqab Khan1Taza Gul2Wiyada Kumam3Wajdi Alghamdi4Poom Kumam5Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, ThailandMathematics Department, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, PakistanMathematics Department, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, PakistanApplied Mathematics for Science and Engineering Research Unit (AMSERU), Program in Applied Statistics, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, ThailandDepartment of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80261, Saudi ArabiaCenter of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, ThailandThis research work aims to scrutinize the mathematical model for the hybrid nanofluid flow in a converging and diverging channel. Titanium dioxide and silver <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mfenced><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo> </mo><mi>and</mi><mo> </mo><mi>A</mi><mi>g</mi></mrow></mfenced></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> are considered as solid nanoparticles while blood is considered a base solvent. The couple-stress fluid model is essentially use to describe the blood flow. Therefore, the couple-stress term was used in the recent study with the existence of a magnetic field and a Darcy–Forchheiner porous medium. The heat absorption/omission and radiation terms were also included in the energy equation for the sustainability of drug delivery. An endeavor was made to link the recent study with the applications of drug delivery. It has already been revealed by the available literature that the combination of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> with any other metal can destroy cancer cells more effectively than <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>T</mi><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> separately. Both the walls are stretchable/shrinkable, whereas flow is caused by a source or sink with α as a converging/diverging parameter. Governing equations were altered into the system of non-linear coupled equations by using the similarity variables. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) was applied to obtain the preferred solution. The influences of the modeled parameters have been calculated and displayed. The confrontation of wall shear stress and hybrid nanofluid flow increased as the couple stress parameter rose, which indicates an improvement in the stability of the base fluid (blood). The percentage (%) increase in the heat transfer rate with the variation of nanoparticle volume fraction was also calculated numerically and discussed theoretically.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6330stretchable/shrinkable wallshybrid nanofluiddrug deliverycouple stressesDarcy–Forchheimer modelheat absorption/omission (HAM) |
| spellingShingle | Anwar Saeed Niqab Khan Taza Gul Wiyada Kumam Wajdi Alghamdi Poom Kumam The Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluids with Couple Stresses by the Convergent and Divergent Channel for the Applications of Drug Delivery Molecules stretchable/shrinkable walls hybrid nanofluid drug delivery couple stresses Darcy–Forchheimer model heat absorption/omission (HAM) |
| title | The Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluids with Couple Stresses by the Convergent and Divergent Channel for the Applications of Drug Delivery |
| title_full | The Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluids with Couple Stresses by the Convergent and Divergent Channel for the Applications of Drug Delivery |
| title_fullStr | The Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluids with Couple Stresses by the Convergent and Divergent Channel for the Applications of Drug Delivery |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluids with Couple Stresses by the Convergent and Divergent Channel for the Applications of Drug Delivery |
| title_short | The Flow of Blood-Based Hybrid Nanofluids with Couple Stresses by the Convergent and Divergent Channel for the Applications of Drug Delivery |
| title_sort | flow of blood based hybrid nanofluids with couple stresses by the convergent and divergent channel for the applications of drug delivery |
| topic | stretchable/shrinkable walls hybrid nanofluid drug delivery couple stresses Darcy–Forchheimer model heat absorption/omission (HAM) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/21/6330 |
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