Phytotoxicity of Bisphenol A to <i>Allium cepa</i> Root Cells Is Mediated through Growth Hormone Gibberellic Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species
The aim of this study was to test the phytotoxicity and mode of action of bisphenol A (BPA) on <i>Allium cepa</i> using a multibiomarker approach. <i>A. cepa</i> roots were exposed to BPA in concentration range 0–50 mg L<sup>−1</sup> for 3 days. BPA even in the lo...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/5/2046 |
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| author | Valerija Vujčić Bok Marko Gerić Goran Gajski Sanja Gagić Ana-Marija Domijan |
| author_facet | Valerija Vujčić Bok Marko Gerić Goran Gajski Sanja Gagić Ana-Marija Domijan |
| author_sort | Valerija Vujčić Bok |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this study was to test the phytotoxicity and mode of action of bisphenol A (BPA) on <i>Allium cepa</i> using a multibiomarker approach. <i>A. cepa</i> roots were exposed to BPA in concentration range 0–50 mg L<sup>−1</sup> for 3 days. BPA even in the lowest applied concentration (1 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) reduced root length, root fresh weight, and mitotic index. Additionally, the lowest BPA concentration (1 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) decreased the level of gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>) in root cells. BPA at concentration 5 mg L<sup>−1</sup> increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was followed by increase in oxidative damage to cells’ lipids and proteins and activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase. BPA in higher concentrations (25 and 50 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) induced genome damage detected as an increase in micronucleus (MNs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). BPA at >25 mg L<sup>−1</sup> induced synthesis of phytochemicals. Results of this study using multibiomarker approach indicate that BPA is phytotoxic to <i>A. cepa</i> roots and has shown genotoxic potential to plants, thus its presence in the environment should be monitored. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:17:22Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:17:22Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-24678f8852f2413bb0d1381b26c92ad72023-11-17T08:11:16ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-02-01285204610.3390/molecules28052046Phytotoxicity of Bisphenol A to <i>Allium cepa</i> Root Cells Is Mediated through Growth Hormone Gibberellic Acid and Reactive Oxygen SpeciesValerija Vujčić Bok0Marko Gerić1Goran Gajski2Sanja Gagić3Ana-Marija Domijan4Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Kovačićeva 1, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaMutagenesis Unit, Institute form Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaMutagenesis Unit, Institute form Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Kovačićeva 1, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Kovačićeva 1, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaThe aim of this study was to test the phytotoxicity and mode of action of bisphenol A (BPA) on <i>Allium cepa</i> using a multibiomarker approach. <i>A. cepa</i> roots were exposed to BPA in concentration range 0–50 mg L<sup>−1</sup> for 3 days. BPA even in the lowest applied concentration (1 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) reduced root length, root fresh weight, and mitotic index. Additionally, the lowest BPA concentration (1 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) decreased the level of gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>) in root cells. BPA at concentration 5 mg L<sup>−1</sup> increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was followed by increase in oxidative damage to cells’ lipids and proteins and activity of enzyme superoxide dismutase. BPA in higher concentrations (25 and 50 mg L<sup>−1</sup>) induced genome damage detected as an increase in micronucleus (MNs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs). BPA at >25 mg L<sup>−1</sup> induced synthesis of phytochemicals. Results of this study using multibiomarker approach indicate that BPA is phytotoxic to <i>A. cepa</i> roots and has shown genotoxic potential to plants, thus its presence in the environment should be monitored.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/5/2046bisphenolsroot growthplant hormonesgenotoxicitymalondialdehydeprotein carbonyls |
| spellingShingle | Valerija Vujčić Bok Marko Gerić Goran Gajski Sanja Gagić Ana-Marija Domijan Phytotoxicity of Bisphenol A to <i>Allium cepa</i> Root Cells Is Mediated through Growth Hormone Gibberellic Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species Molecules bisphenols root growth plant hormones genotoxicity malondialdehyde protein carbonyls |
| title | Phytotoxicity of Bisphenol A to <i>Allium cepa</i> Root Cells Is Mediated through Growth Hormone Gibberellic Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_full | Phytotoxicity of Bisphenol A to <i>Allium cepa</i> Root Cells Is Mediated through Growth Hormone Gibberellic Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_fullStr | Phytotoxicity of Bisphenol A to <i>Allium cepa</i> Root Cells Is Mediated through Growth Hormone Gibberellic Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytotoxicity of Bisphenol A to <i>Allium cepa</i> Root Cells Is Mediated through Growth Hormone Gibberellic Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_short | Phytotoxicity of Bisphenol A to <i>Allium cepa</i> Root Cells Is Mediated through Growth Hormone Gibberellic Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species |
| title_sort | phytotoxicity of bisphenol a to i allium cepa i root cells is mediated through growth hormone gibberellic acid and reactive oxygen species |
| topic | bisphenols root growth plant hormones genotoxicity malondialdehyde protein carbonyls |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/5/2046 |
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