Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessment
The contamination of farm soils with heavy metals (HMs) has raised significant concerns due to the increased bioavailability and accumulation of HMs in agricultural food crops. To address this issue, a survey experiment was conducted in the suburbs of Multan and Faisalabad to investigate the spatial...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024007436 |
| _version_ | 1827348411798519808 |
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| author | Yousef Alhaj Hamoud Hiba Shaghaleh Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman Muhammad Rizwan Muhammad Umair Muhammad Usman Muhammad Ashar Ayub Umair Riaz Ghalia S.H. Alnusairi Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem |
| author_facet | Yousef Alhaj Hamoud Hiba Shaghaleh Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman Muhammad Rizwan Muhammad Umair Muhammad Usman Muhammad Ashar Ayub Umair Riaz Ghalia S.H. Alnusairi Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem |
| author_sort | Yousef Alhaj Hamoud |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The contamination of farm soils with heavy metals (HMs) has raised significant concerns due to the increased bioavailability and accumulation of HMs in agricultural food crops. To address this issue, a survey experiment was conducted in the suburbs of Multan and Faisalabad to investigate the spatial distribution, bioaccumulation, translocation, and health risks of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in agricultural crops. The results show a considerable concentration of Cd and Pb in soils irrigated with wastewater, even though these levels were below the permissible limits in water and soil matrices. The pollution index for Cd was mostly greater than 1 at the selected sites, indicating its accumulation in soil over time due to wastewater irrigation. Conversely, the pollution index for Pb was below 1 at all sites. Among the plants, Zea mays accumulated the highest concentration of Cd and Pb. The translocation factor from soil to root was highest for Brassica olearecea (7.037 for Cd) and Zea mays (6.383 for Pb). The target hazard quotient (THQ) value of Cd exceeded the non-carcinogenic limit for most vegetables. The highest value was found in Allium cepa (5.256) and the lowest in Allium sativum (0.040). In contrast, the THQ level of Pb was below the non-carcinogenic limit for most vegetables, except for Allium cepa (1.479), Solanum lycopersicum (1.367), and Solanum tuberosum (1.326). The study highlights that Allium cepa poses the highest health risk for humans, while Medicago sativa poses the highest risk for animals due to Cd and Pb contamination. These results underscore the urgent need for effective measures to mitigate the health risks associated with HM contamination in crops and soils. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T00:11:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2467da41d890420eaa9cd1aada9edad8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T00:11:52Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-2467da41d890420eaa9cd1aada9edad82024-02-17T06:38:29ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-02-01103e24712Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessmentYousef Alhaj Hamoud0Hiba Shaghaleh1Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman2Muhammad Rizwan3Muhammad Umair4Muhammad Usman5Muhammad Ashar Ayub6Umair Riaz7Ghalia S.H. Alnusairi8Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem9The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention and College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, ChinaKey Lab of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, ChinaInstitute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Corresponding author.Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, PakistanInstitute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, PakistanInstitute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, PakistanInstitute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Institute of Agro-Industry and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, PakistanInstitute of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, PakistanDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, 2014, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Burydah, 52571, Saudi ArabiaThe contamination of farm soils with heavy metals (HMs) has raised significant concerns due to the increased bioavailability and accumulation of HMs in agricultural food crops. To address this issue, a survey experiment was conducted in the suburbs of Multan and Faisalabad to investigate the spatial distribution, bioaccumulation, translocation, and health risks of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in agricultural crops. The results show a considerable concentration of Cd and Pb in soils irrigated with wastewater, even though these levels were below the permissible limits in water and soil matrices. The pollution index for Cd was mostly greater than 1 at the selected sites, indicating its accumulation in soil over time due to wastewater irrigation. Conversely, the pollution index for Pb was below 1 at all sites. Among the plants, Zea mays accumulated the highest concentration of Cd and Pb. The translocation factor from soil to root was highest for Brassica olearecea (7.037 for Cd) and Zea mays (6.383 for Pb). The target hazard quotient (THQ) value of Cd exceeded the non-carcinogenic limit for most vegetables. The highest value was found in Allium cepa (5.256) and the lowest in Allium sativum (0.040). In contrast, the THQ level of Pb was below the non-carcinogenic limit for most vegetables, except for Allium cepa (1.479), Solanum lycopersicum (1.367), and Solanum tuberosum (1.326). The study highlights that Allium cepa poses the highest health risk for humans, while Medicago sativa poses the highest risk for animals due to Cd and Pb contamination. These results underscore the urgent need for effective measures to mitigate the health risks associated with HM contamination in crops and soils.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024007436BioavailabilityHealth risksTarget hazard quotientPermissible limitsAllium cepaMedicago sativa |
| spellingShingle | Yousef Alhaj Hamoud Hiba Shaghaleh Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman Muhammad Rizwan Muhammad Umair Muhammad Usman Muhammad Ashar Ayub Umair Riaz Ghalia S.H. Alnusairi Suliman Mohammed Suliman Alghanem Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessment Heliyon Bioavailability Health risks Target hazard quotient Permissible limits Allium cepa Medicago sativa |
| title | Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessment |
| title_full | Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessment |
| title_fullStr | Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessment |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessment |
| title_short | Cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation: Pollution index and health risks assessment |
| title_sort | cadmium and lead accumulation in important food crops due to wastewater irrigation pollution index and health risks assessment |
| topic | Bioavailability Health risks Target hazard quotient Permissible limits Allium cepa Medicago sativa |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024007436 |
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