Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects
Human procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the calcium-regulating hormone calcitonin. Traditionally, PCT has been used as a biomarker for severe bacterial infections and sepsis. It has also been recently identified as a potential marker for COVID-19. Normally, serum PCT is intracellularly c...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Chemosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/9/7/182 |
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| author | Subramanian Nellaiappan Pavan Kumar Mandali Amrish Prabakaran Uma Maheswari Krishnan |
| author_facet | Subramanian Nellaiappan Pavan Kumar Mandali Amrish Prabakaran Uma Maheswari Krishnan |
| author_sort | Subramanian Nellaiappan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Human procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the calcium-regulating hormone calcitonin. Traditionally, PCT has been used as a biomarker for severe bacterial infections and sepsis. It has also been recently identified as a potential marker for COVID-19. Normally, serum PCT is intracellularly cleaved to calcitonin, which lowers the levels of PCT (<0.01 ng/mL). In severe infectious diseases and sepsis, serum PCT levels increase above 100 ng/mL in response to pro-inflammatory stimulation. Development of sensors for specific quantification of PCT has resulted in considerable improvement in the sensitivity, linear range and rapid response. Among the various sensing strategies, electrochemical platforms have been extensively investigated owing to their cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication and portability. Sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassays based on the specific antigen–antibody interactions with an electrochemical transducer and use of nanointerfaces has augmented the electrochemical response of the sensors towards PCT. Identification of a superior combination of electrode material and nanointerface, and translation of the sensing platform into flexible and disposable substrates are under active investigation towards development of a point-of-care device for PCT detection. This review provides an overview of the existing detection strategies and limitations of PCT electrochemical immunosensors, and the emerging directions to address these lacunae. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:41:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-246be216e8e14836b4464e2fef9bc5a7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2227-9040 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:41:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Chemosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-246be216e8e14836b4464e2fef9bc5a72023-11-22T03:31:22ZengMDPI AGChemosensors2227-90402021-07-019718210.3390/chemosensors9070182Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and ProspectsSubramanian Nellaiappan0Pavan Kumar Mandali1Amrish Prabakaran2Uma Maheswari Krishnan3Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, IndiaCentre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, IndiaCentre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, IndiaCentre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613 401, IndiaHuman procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the calcium-regulating hormone calcitonin. Traditionally, PCT has been used as a biomarker for severe bacterial infections and sepsis. It has also been recently identified as a potential marker for COVID-19. Normally, serum PCT is intracellularly cleaved to calcitonin, which lowers the levels of PCT (<0.01 ng/mL). In severe infectious diseases and sepsis, serum PCT levels increase above 100 ng/mL in response to pro-inflammatory stimulation. Development of sensors for specific quantification of PCT has resulted in considerable improvement in the sensitivity, linear range and rapid response. Among the various sensing strategies, electrochemical platforms have been extensively investigated owing to their cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication and portability. Sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassays based on the specific antigen–antibody interactions with an electrochemical transducer and use of nanointerfaces has augmented the electrochemical response of the sensors towards PCT. Identification of a superior combination of electrode material and nanointerface, and translation of the sensing platform into flexible and disposable substrates are under active investigation towards development of a point-of-care device for PCT detection. This review provides an overview of the existing detection strategies and limitations of PCT electrochemical immunosensors, and the emerging directions to address these lacunae.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/9/7/182procalcitoninelectrochemical sensorimmunoassaynanomaterials |
| spellingShingle | Subramanian Nellaiappan Pavan Kumar Mandali Amrish Prabakaran Uma Maheswari Krishnan Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects Chemosensors procalcitonin electrochemical sensor immunoassay nanomaterials |
| title | Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects |
| title_full | Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects |
| title_fullStr | Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects |
| title_short | Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects |
| title_sort | electrochemical immunosensors for quantification of procalcitonin progress and prospects |
| topic | procalcitonin electrochemical sensor immunoassay nanomaterials |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9040/9/7/182 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT subramaniannellaiappan electrochemicalimmunosensorsforquantificationofprocalcitoninprogressandprospects AT pavankumarmandali electrochemicalimmunosensorsforquantificationofprocalcitoninprogressandprospects AT amrishprabakaran electrochemicalimmunosensorsforquantificationofprocalcitoninprogressandprospects AT umamaheswarikrishnan electrochemicalimmunosensorsforquantificationofprocalcitoninprogressandprospects |