Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction
Non-human primates (NHP) are an important source of viruses that can spillover to humans and, after adaptation, spread through the host population. Whereas HIV-1 and HTLV-1 emerged as retroviral pathogens in humans, a unique class of retroviruses called foamy viruses (FV) with zoonotic potential are...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/3/504 |
| _version_ | 1827697325035749376 |
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| author | Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan Daniel Becker Tom Luedde Holger Gohlke Carsten Münk |
| author_facet | Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan Daniel Becker Tom Luedde Holger Gohlke Carsten Münk |
| author_sort | Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Non-human primates (NHP) are an important source of viruses that can spillover to humans and, after adaptation, spread through the host population. Whereas HIV-1 and HTLV-1 emerged as retroviral pathogens in humans, a unique class of retroviruses called foamy viruses (FV) with zoonotic potential are occasionally detected in bushmeat hunters or zookeepers. Various FVs are endemic in numerous mammalian natural hosts, such as primates, felines, bovines, and equines, and other animals, but not in humans. They are apathogenic, and significant differences exist between the viral life cycles of FV and other retroviruses. Importantly, FVs replicate in the presence of many well-defined retroviral restriction factors such as TRIM5α, BST2 (Tetherin), MX2, and APOBEC3 (A3). While the interaction of A3s with HIV-1 is well studied, the escape mechanisms of FVs from restriction by A3 is much less explored. Here we review the current knowledge of FV biology, host restriction factors, and FV–host interactions with an emphasis on the consequences of FV regulatory protein Bet binding to A3s and outline crucial open questions for future studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:06:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-24839b380ec5447ea96a143050858d70 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:06:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-24839b380ec5447ea96a143050858d702023-11-21T11:04:13ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-03-0113350410.3390/v13030504Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 RestrictionAnanda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan0Daniel Becker1Tom Luedde2Holger Gohlke3Carsten Münk4Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, GermanyClinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, GermanyClinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, GermanyNon-human primates (NHP) are an important source of viruses that can spillover to humans and, after adaptation, spread through the host population. Whereas HIV-1 and HTLV-1 emerged as retroviral pathogens in humans, a unique class of retroviruses called foamy viruses (FV) with zoonotic potential are occasionally detected in bushmeat hunters or zookeepers. Various FVs are endemic in numerous mammalian natural hosts, such as primates, felines, bovines, and equines, and other animals, but not in humans. They are apathogenic, and significant differences exist between the viral life cycles of FV and other retroviruses. Importantly, FVs replicate in the presence of many well-defined retroviral restriction factors such as TRIM5α, BST2 (Tetherin), MX2, and APOBEC3 (A3). While the interaction of A3s with HIV-1 is well studied, the escape mechanisms of FVs from restriction by A3 is much less explored. Here we review the current knowledge of FV biology, host restriction factors, and FV–host interactions with an emphasis on the consequences of FV regulatory protein Bet binding to A3s and outline crucial open questions for future studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/3/504foamy virusretrovirusBetAPOBEC3cytidine deaminaserestriction factors |
| spellingShingle | Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan Daniel Becker Tom Luedde Holger Gohlke Carsten Münk Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction Viruses foamy virus retrovirus Bet APOBEC3 cytidine deaminase restriction factors |
| title | Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction |
| title_full | Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction |
| title_fullStr | Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction |
| title_short | Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction |
| title_sort | foamy viruses bet and apobec3 restriction |
| topic | foamy virus retrovirus Bet APOBEC3 cytidine deaminase restriction factors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/3/504 |
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