The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Activation
In this study, two different sample preparation methods to synthesize activated carbon from pine wood were compared. The pine wood activated carbon was prepared by mixing ZnCl<sub>2</sub> by physical mixing, i.e., “dry mixing” and impregnation, i.e., “wet mixing” before high temperature...
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Micromachines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/3/572 |
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| author | Josphat Phiri Hamidreza Ahadian Maria Sandberg Karin Granström Thad Maloney |
| author_facet | Josphat Phiri Hamidreza Ahadian Maria Sandberg Karin Granström Thad Maloney |
| author_sort | Josphat Phiri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, two different sample preparation methods to synthesize activated carbon from pine wood were compared. The pine wood activated carbon was prepared by mixing ZnCl<sub>2</sub> by physical mixing, i.e., “dry mixing” and impregnation, i.e., “wet mixing” before high temperature carbonization. The influence of these methods on the physicochemical properties of activated carbons was examined. The activated carbon was analyzed using nitrogen sorption (surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution), XPS, density, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Physical mixing led to a slightly higher density carbon (1.83 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) than wet impregnation (1.78 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Raman spectroscopy analysis also showed that impregnation led to activated carbon with a much higher degree of defects than physical mixing, i.e., <i>I</i><sub>D</sub>/<i>I</i><sub>G</sub> = 0.86 and 0.89, respectively. The wet impregnated samples also had better overall textural properties. For example, for samples activated with 1:1 ratio, the total pore volume was 0.664 vs. 0.637 cm<sup>3</sup>/g and the surface area was 1191 vs. 1263 m<sup>2</sup>/g for dry and wet mixed samples, respectively. In the electrochemical application, specifically in supercapacitors, impregnated samples showed a much better capacitance at low current densities, i.e., 247 vs. 146 F/g at the current density of 0.1 A/g. However, the physically mixed samples were more stable after 5000 cycles: 97.8% versus 94.4% capacitance retention for the wet impregnated samples. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:09:59Z |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:09:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
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| series | Micromachines |
| spelling | doaj.art-248adb42a6314a0a92c3879cdb96c5162023-11-17T12:42:41ZengMDPI AGMicromachines2072-666X2023-02-0114357210.3390/mi14030572The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl<sub>2</sub> ActivationJosphat Phiri0Hamidreza Ahadian1Maria Sandberg2Karin Granström3Thad Maloney4School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, FinlandSchool of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, FinlandDepartment of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, SwedenDepartment of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, SwedenSchool of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, FinlandIn this study, two different sample preparation methods to synthesize activated carbon from pine wood were compared. The pine wood activated carbon was prepared by mixing ZnCl<sub>2</sub> by physical mixing, i.e., “dry mixing” and impregnation, i.e., “wet mixing” before high temperature carbonization. The influence of these methods on the physicochemical properties of activated carbons was examined. The activated carbon was analyzed using nitrogen sorption (surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution), XPS, density, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemistry. Physical mixing led to a slightly higher density carbon (1.83 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) than wet impregnation (1.78 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Raman spectroscopy analysis also showed that impregnation led to activated carbon with a much higher degree of defects than physical mixing, i.e., <i>I</i><sub>D</sub>/<i>I</i><sub>G</sub> = 0.86 and 0.89, respectively. The wet impregnated samples also had better overall textural properties. For example, for samples activated with 1:1 ratio, the total pore volume was 0.664 vs. 0.637 cm<sup>3</sup>/g and the surface area was 1191 vs. 1263 m<sup>2</sup>/g for dry and wet mixed samples, respectively. In the electrochemical application, specifically in supercapacitors, impregnated samples showed a much better capacitance at low current densities, i.e., 247 vs. 146 F/g at the current density of 0.1 A/g. However, the physically mixed samples were more stable after 5000 cycles: 97.8% versus 94.4% capacitance retention for the wet impregnated samples.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/3/572pine woodsupercapacitoractivated carbonbiomassenergy storagecarbonization |
| spellingShingle | Josphat Phiri Hamidreza Ahadian Maria Sandberg Karin Granström Thad Maloney The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Activation Micromachines pine wood supercapacitor activated carbon biomass energy storage carbonization |
| title | The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Activation |
| title_full | The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Activation |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Activation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Activation |
| title_short | The Influence of Physical Mixing and Impregnation on the Physicochemical Properties of Pine Wood Activated Carbon Produced by One-Step ZnCl<sub>2</sub> Activation |
| title_sort | influence of physical mixing and impregnation on the physicochemical properties of pine wood activated carbon produced by one step zncl sub 2 sub activation |
| topic | pine wood supercapacitor activated carbon biomass energy storage carbonization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-666X/14/3/572 |
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