Recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid: A case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw material
The widespread use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production has led to the generation of substantial waste. Therefore, it was needed to reduce the solid waste catalyst in the biodiesel industry by exploring the reuse of catalysts. This study focused on the reactivation of used catalysts t...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016423002153 |
| _version_ | 1797447969976352768 |
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| author | Anggara Dwita Burmana Rondang Tambun Bode Haryanto Maya Sarah Vikram Alexander |
| author_facet | Anggara Dwita Burmana Rondang Tambun Bode Haryanto Maya Sarah Vikram Alexander |
| author_sort | Anggara Dwita Burmana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The widespread use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production has led to the generation of substantial waste. Therefore, it was needed to reduce the solid waste catalyst in the biodiesel industry by exploring the reuse of catalysts. This study focused on the reactivation of used catalysts through the esterification of lauric acid using Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst, with pre-treatments involving methanol washing and HCl reactivation. Gas chromatography was employed to analyze lauric acid and methyl ester while Scanning Electron Microscope provided insights into the pore conditions of the fresh catalyst and used catalyst and Brunauer Emmett Teller provided information into surface area and pore condition. In this study, it was examined how many times the Amberlyst catalyst could be used to catalyze lauric acid to become biodiesel. The limitation of this capability is catalyst conversion above 80 %. The results showed that optimal conditions for biodiesel production were reached at a reaction temperature of 60 °C, a reaction time of 120 minutes, and an agitation rate of 500 rpm, yielding 93.7 % conversion for the used catalyst and 98.5 % for the fresh counterpart. The Amberlyst catalyst can be used up to seven times, because the results still provide a conversion above 80 %. After this catalyst does not provide a conversion above 80 %, then this catalyst is washed with methanol and activated using HCl. The results obtained show that this catalyst can still be used four more times. Hence, the results of this research can be applied to reduce industrial waste and reduce the costs of making biodiesel from fatty acids. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T14:03:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-24b233a5943f48eeb2700ee147b55f87 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2666-0164 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T14:03:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-24b233a5943f48eeb2700ee147b55f872023-11-30T05:11:17ZengElsevierCase Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering2666-01642023-12-018100510Recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid: A case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw materialAnggara Dwita Burmana0Rondang Tambun1Bode Haryanto2Maya Sarah3Vikram Alexander4Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaCorresponding author.; Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaChemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaChemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaChemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, 20155, IndonesiaThe widespread use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production has led to the generation of substantial waste. Therefore, it was needed to reduce the solid waste catalyst in the biodiesel industry by exploring the reuse of catalysts. This study focused on the reactivation of used catalysts through the esterification of lauric acid using Amberlyst CM-4 catalyst, with pre-treatments involving methanol washing and HCl reactivation. Gas chromatography was employed to analyze lauric acid and methyl ester while Scanning Electron Microscope provided insights into the pore conditions of the fresh catalyst and used catalyst and Brunauer Emmett Teller provided information into surface area and pore condition. In this study, it was examined how many times the Amberlyst catalyst could be used to catalyze lauric acid to become biodiesel. The limitation of this capability is catalyst conversion above 80 %. The results showed that optimal conditions for biodiesel production were reached at a reaction temperature of 60 °C, a reaction time of 120 minutes, and an agitation rate of 500 rpm, yielding 93.7 % conversion for the used catalyst and 98.5 % for the fresh counterpart. The Amberlyst catalyst can be used up to seven times, because the results still provide a conversion above 80 %. After this catalyst does not provide a conversion above 80 %, then this catalyst is washed with methanol and activated using HCl. The results obtained show that this catalyst can still be used four more times. Hence, the results of this research can be applied to reduce industrial waste and reduce the costs of making biodiesel from fatty acids.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016423002153CatalystWasteAmberlystBiodieselLauric acidCatalyst reactivation |
| spellingShingle | Anggara Dwita Burmana Rondang Tambun Bode Haryanto Maya Sarah Vikram Alexander Recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid: A case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw material Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering Catalyst Waste Amberlyst Biodiesel Lauric acid Catalyst reactivation |
| title | Recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid: A case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw material |
| title_full | Recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid: A case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw material |
| title_fullStr | Recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid: A case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw material |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid: A case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw material |
| title_short | Recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid: A case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw material |
| title_sort | recycling heterogeneous catalyst waste in biodiesel production using methanol and hydrochloric acid a case study on the washing effect with lauric acid as raw material |
| topic | Catalyst Waste Amberlyst Biodiesel Lauric acid Catalyst reactivation |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666016423002153 |
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