Detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milk
Passive gamma ray spectrometry and neutron capture prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) were used to investigate powdered cow's milk samples [termed optimal (1), optimal (2) and optimal (3)] collected from local markets in the city of Cairo, Egypt. Standard material with a total average acti...
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| Format: | Article |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2017-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Taibah University for Science |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658365516000157 |
| _version_ | 1819200265413197824 |
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| author | Ashraf Hamid M. Abd El-Samad N.F. Soliman H.A. Hanafi |
| author_facet | Ashraf Hamid M. Abd El-Samad N.F. Soliman H.A. Hanafi |
| author_sort | Ashraf Hamid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Passive gamma ray spectrometry and neutron capture prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) were used to investigate powdered cow's milk samples [termed optimal (1), optimal (2) and optimal (3)] collected from local markets in the city of Cairo, Egypt. Standard material with a total average activity of 0.830 ± 0.2 μCi and a certified reference material [IAEA (A-14)] were used to study the accuracy of a passive multi-gamma ray measurement method. Three powdered milk samples of the same geometry and volume were used in this analysis. The specific activity of 226Ra ranged from 24.5 ± 2.1 to 114 ± 1.2 Bq/kg, 232Th from 8 ± 1 to 14 ± 1.2 Bq/kg and 40K from 444 ± 28 to 1826.1 ± 3.1 Bq/kg, all of which were higher than the activities corresponding to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (50, 50 and 500 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively). The average dose rate at 1 cm for 40K ranged from 8.21E−02 ± 0.12 to 3.3E−1 ± 0.22 mSv/h/cm. We also showed that 208Tl81, 212Pb82 and 212Bi83 should be considered products of thorium. k0-PGAA was carried out using an integrated and calibrated prompt gamma ray system with a neutron flux of 106 n/cm2 per second. The thermal to epithermal neutron flux ratio (f) and cadmium ratio were measured using a thin gold foil technique (ration = 160). Different Cl concentrations were prepared as standards for k0-PGAA. The elemental concentrations of Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ga, Zn, As, Se, Cs, Cd, In, Th and I were measured in the three powdered milk samples. The mean ± standard deviation ranges of the elements were as follows: Na = 1069 ± 49–1583 ± 53 ppm, Mg = 347 ± 13.64–385 ± 16.71 ppm, Al = 45 ± 1.30–72 ± 2.40 ppm, Fe = 5500 ± 110–7123 ± 130 ppm, Zn = 107 ± 3–123 ± 6 ppm, Ca = 4200 ± 72–5483 ± 81 ppm, Mn = 1269 ± 69–1784 ± 72 ppm, Pr = 1.7 ± 0.02–2.6 ± 0.07 ppm, Ga = 265 ± 5–293 ± 8 ppm, Cu = 57 ± 0.5–64 ± 0.9 ppm, In = 1000± 38.64–1574 ± 41.34 ppm, Cd = 6.1 ± 2.71–12.6 ± 4.11 ppm, I = 53 ± 0.09–62 ± 1.18 ppm, Cs = 4 ± 1.56–11 ± 4.22 ppm, As = 26 ± 0.66–29 ± 0.89 ppm, Se = 126 ± 4.8–144 ± 5.7 ppm, Th = 47 ± 1.0–78 ± 6.0 ppm. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T03:29:29Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-24b6b882eae4492b8add1270aa40b7952022-12-21T18:01:44ZengTaylor & Francis GroupJournal of Taibah University for Science1658-36552017-01-0111118619510.1016/j.jtusci.2016.01.005Detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milkAshraf Hamid0M. Abd El-Samad1N.F. Soliman2H.A. Hanafi3Radiated Pollution Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, EgyptRadiated Pollution Department, Hot Laboratories Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, EgyptReactor Physics Department, Reactor Division, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority, P. No. 13759, EgyptCyclotron Project, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, P. No. 13759, EgyptPassive gamma ray spectrometry and neutron capture prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) were used to investigate powdered cow's milk samples [termed optimal (1), optimal (2) and optimal (3)] collected from local markets in the city of Cairo, Egypt. Standard material with a total average activity of 0.830 ± 0.2 μCi and a certified reference material [IAEA (A-14)] were used to study the accuracy of a passive multi-gamma ray measurement method. Three powdered milk samples of the same geometry and volume were used in this analysis. The specific activity of 226Ra ranged from 24.5 ± 2.1 to 114 ± 1.2 Bq/kg, 232Th from 8 ± 1 to 14 ± 1.2 Bq/kg and 40K from 444 ± 28 to 1826.1 ± 3.1 Bq/kg, all of which were higher than the activities corresponding to the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (50, 50 and 500 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively). The average dose rate at 1 cm for 40K ranged from 8.21E−02 ± 0.12 to 3.3E−1 ± 0.22 mSv/h/cm. We also showed that 208Tl81, 212Pb82 and 212Bi83 should be considered products of thorium. k0-PGAA was carried out using an integrated and calibrated prompt gamma ray system with a neutron flux of 106 n/cm2 per second. The thermal to epithermal neutron flux ratio (f) and cadmium ratio were measured using a thin gold foil technique (ration = 160). Different Cl concentrations were prepared as standards for k0-PGAA. The elemental concentrations of Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ga, Zn, As, Se, Cs, Cd, In, Th and I were measured in the three powdered milk samples. The mean ± standard deviation ranges of the elements were as follows: Na = 1069 ± 49–1583 ± 53 ppm, Mg = 347 ± 13.64–385 ± 16.71 ppm, Al = 45 ± 1.30–72 ± 2.40 ppm, Fe = 5500 ± 110–7123 ± 130 ppm, Zn = 107 ± 3–123 ± 6 ppm, Ca = 4200 ± 72–5483 ± 81 ppm, Mn = 1269 ± 69–1784 ± 72 ppm, Pr = 1.7 ± 0.02–2.6 ± 0.07 ppm, Ga = 265 ± 5–293 ± 8 ppm, Cu = 57 ± 0.5–64 ± 0.9 ppm, In = 1000± 38.64–1574 ± 41.34 ppm, Cd = 6.1 ± 2.71–12.6 ± 4.11 ppm, I = 53 ± 0.09–62 ± 1.18 ppm, Cs = 4 ± 1.56–11 ± 4.22 ppm, As = 26 ± 0.66–29 ± 0.89 ppm, Se = 126 ± 4.8–144 ± 5.7 ppm, Th = 47 ± 1.0–78 ± 6.0 ppm.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658365516000157Natural radioactivityk0-PGAA standardizationPassive measurementsPowdered milk |
| spellingShingle | Ashraf Hamid M. Abd El-Samad N.F. Soliman H.A. Hanafi Detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milk Journal of Taibah University for Science Natural radioactivity k0-PGAA standardization Passive measurements Powdered milk |
| title | Detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milk |
| title_full | Detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milk |
| title_fullStr | Detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milk |
| title_short | Detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milk |
| title_sort | detection of minor and trace elements in powdered milk |
| topic | Natural radioactivity k0-PGAA standardization Passive measurements Powdered milk |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658365516000157 |
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