Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic Potential
Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) is a highly valuable plant. Iran provides nearly 90% of the world’s total saffron and is the biggest global producer. The allelopathic effects of saffron corm (SC) and saffron field soil (SFS) have been hypothesized to play an important role in replanti...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/12/1714 |
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| author | Mahdieh Kheirabadi Majid Azizi Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh Yoshiharu Fujii |
| author_facet | Mahdieh Kheirabadi Majid Azizi Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh Yoshiharu Fujii |
| author_sort | Mahdieh Kheirabadi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) is a highly valuable plant. Iran provides nearly 90% of the world’s total saffron and is the biggest global producer. The allelopathic effects of saffron corm (SC) and saffron field soil (SFS) have been hypothesized to play an important role in replanting. Recently, adsorbent materials have been used to neutralize the effects of allelochemicals. These materials, including activated carbon and zeolite, have large surface areas, pore volumes, as well as tremendous adsorptive capacity and complex chemical and physical properties. In this study, three independent experiments were conducted. In the first test, the allelopathic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of SC remnant and 9-year-old SFS as well as filtered aqueous extract of soil were investigated. In the second assay, the effects of SC remnants and SFS with different ages (i.e., 4, 6, and 9 years old) in combination with adsorbents were examined on the germination and growth of lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) seedlings by the sandwich method. In the third experiment, we examined the effects of SC remnants combined with adsorbents on lettuce growth parameters. Our results showed that the allelopathic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of SC remnant were significantly superior to those of 9-year-old SFS. The aqueous extract of SC remnant reduced the root length of lettuce by 50%. The use of activated carbon and zeolites significantly decreased the observed allelopathic effect. Moreover, lettuce growth in rhizosphere soil was significantly inhibited by SC remnant and SFS extracts. The allelopathic effects of SC remnants caused a growth imbalance between the shoot and roots. Based on biochemical analyses, using the adsorbents increased the carotenoid content and chlorophyll index of lettuce by 23.33% and 5.25%, respectively. Adsorbents may play a role in treating soils contaminated by allelochemicals. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:18:13Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
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| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-24deb5ff157546d7a52f69bbd60ca1392023-11-20T23:36:39ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472020-12-01912171410.3390/plants9121714Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic PotentialMahdieh Kheirabadi0Majid Azizi1Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh2Yoshiharu Fujii3Department of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, IranDepartment of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, IranDepartment of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, IranDepartment of International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8538, JapanSaffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i> L.) is a highly valuable plant. Iran provides nearly 90% of the world’s total saffron and is the biggest global producer. The allelopathic effects of saffron corm (SC) and saffron field soil (SFS) have been hypothesized to play an important role in replanting. Recently, adsorbent materials have been used to neutralize the effects of allelochemicals. These materials, including activated carbon and zeolite, have large surface areas, pore volumes, as well as tremendous adsorptive capacity and complex chemical and physical properties. In this study, three independent experiments were conducted. In the first test, the allelopathic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of SC remnant and 9-year-old SFS as well as filtered aqueous extract of soil were investigated. In the second assay, the effects of SC remnants and SFS with different ages (i.e., 4, 6, and 9 years old) in combination with adsorbents were examined on the germination and growth of lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) seedlings by the sandwich method. In the third experiment, we examined the effects of SC remnants combined with adsorbents on lettuce growth parameters. Our results showed that the allelopathic effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of SC remnant were significantly superior to those of 9-year-old SFS. The aqueous extract of SC remnant reduced the root length of lettuce by 50%. The use of activated carbon and zeolites significantly decreased the observed allelopathic effect. Moreover, lettuce growth in rhizosphere soil was significantly inhibited by SC remnant and SFS extracts. The allelopathic effects of SC remnants caused a growth imbalance between the shoot and roots. Based on biochemical analyses, using the adsorbents increased the carotenoid content and chlorophyll index of lettuce by 23.33% and 5.25%, respectively. Adsorbents may play a role in treating soils contaminated by allelochemicals.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/12/1714allelochemicalsnatural herbicideplant remnantsreplantingrhizosphere soil |
| spellingShingle | Mahdieh Kheirabadi Majid Azizi Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh Yoshiharu Fujii Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic Potential Plants allelochemicals natural herbicide plant remnants replanting rhizosphere soil |
| title | Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic Potential |
| title_full | Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic Potential |
| title_fullStr | Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic Potential |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic Potential |
| title_short | Recent Advances in Saffron Soil Remediation: Activated Carbon and Zeolites Effects on Allelopathic Potential |
| title_sort | recent advances in saffron soil remediation activated carbon and zeolites effects on allelopathic potential |
| topic | allelochemicals natural herbicide plant remnants replanting rhizosphere soil |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/12/1714 |
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