Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Different Light Areas of Apple Tree Canopies based on the Color Characteristics of 3D Reconstruction
Improving the speed and accuracy of chlorophyll (Ch1) content prediction in different light areas of apple trees is a central priority for understanding the growth response to light intensity and in turn increasing the primary production of apples. In vitro assessment by wet chemical extraction is t...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-03-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/3/429 |
| _version_ | 1818997497143492608 |
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| author | Xiaodan Ma Jiarui Feng Haiou Guan Gang Liu |
| author_facet | Xiaodan Ma Jiarui Feng Haiou Guan Gang Liu |
| author_sort | Xiaodan Ma |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Improving the speed and accuracy of chlorophyll (Ch1) content prediction in different light areas of apple trees is a central priority for understanding the growth response to light intensity and in turn increasing the primary production of apples. In vitro assessment by wet chemical extraction is the standard method for leaf chlorophyll determination. This measurement is expensive, laborious, and time-consuming. Over the years, alternative methods—both rapid and nondestructive—were explored, and many vegetation indices (VIs) were developed to retrieve Ch1 content at the canopy level from meter- to decameter-scale reflectance observations, which have lower accuracy due to the possible confounding influence of the canopy structure. Thus, the spatially continuous distribution of Ch1 content in different light areas within an apple tree canopy remains unresolved. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop methods for Ch1 content estimation in areas of different light intensity by using 3D models with color characteristics acquired by a 3D laser scanner with centimeter spatial resolution. Firstly, to research relative light intensity (RLI), canopies were scanned with a FARO Focus3D 120 laser scanner on a calm day without strong light intensity and then divided into 180 cube units for each canopy according to actual division methods in three-dimensional spaces based on distance information. Meanwhile, four different types of RLI were defined as 0–30%, 30–60%, 60–85%, and 85–100%, respectively, according to the actual division method for tree canopies. Secondly, Ch1 content in the 180 cubic units of each apple tree was measured by a leaf chlorophyll meter (soil and plant analyzer development, SPAD). Then, color characteristics were extracted from each cubic area of the 3D model and calculated by two color variables, which could be regarded as effective indicators of Ch1 content in field crop areas. Finally, to address the complexity and fuzziness of relationships between the color characteristics and Ch1 content of apple tree canopies (which could not be expressed by an accurate mathematical model), a three-layer artificial neural network (ANN) was constructed as a predictive model to find Ch1 content in different light areas in apple tree canopies. The results indicated that the mean highest and mean lowest value of Ch1 content distributed in 60–85% and 0–30% of RLI areas, respectively, and that there was no significant difference between adjacent RLI areas. Additionally, color characteristics changed regularly as the RLI rose within canopies. Moreover, the prediction of Ch1 content was strongly correlated with those of actual measurements (R = 0.9755) by the SPAD leaf chlorophyll meter. In summary, the color characteristics in 3D apple tree canopies combined with ANN technology could be used as a potential rapid technique for predicting Ch1 content in different areas of light in apple tree canopies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T21:46:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2522faecbeaa440594ca2228755644bb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T21:46:34Z |
| publishDate | 2018-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| spelling | doaj.art-2522faecbeaa440594ca2228755644bb2022-12-21T19:25:40ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922018-03-0110342910.3390/rs10030429rs10030429Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Different Light Areas of Apple Tree Canopies based on the Color Characteristics of 3D ReconstructionXiaodan Ma0Jiarui Feng1Haiou Guan2Gang Liu3College of Electrical and Information, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, DaQing 163319, ChinaCollege of Electrical and Information, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, DaQing 163319, ChinaCollege of Electrical and Information, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, DaQing 163319, ChinaKey Laboratory of Modern Precision Agriculture System Integration Research, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaImproving the speed and accuracy of chlorophyll (Ch1) content prediction in different light areas of apple trees is a central priority for understanding the growth response to light intensity and in turn increasing the primary production of apples. In vitro assessment by wet chemical extraction is the standard method for leaf chlorophyll determination. This measurement is expensive, laborious, and time-consuming. Over the years, alternative methods—both rapid and nondestructive—were explored, and many vegetation indices (VIs) were developed to retrieve Ch1 content at the canopy level from meter- to decameter-scale reflectance observations, which have lower accuracy due to the possible confounding influence of the canopy structure. Thus, the spatially continuous distribution of Ch1 content in different light areas within an apple tree canopy remains unresolved. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop methods for Ch1 content estimation in areas of different light intensity by using 3D models with color characteristics acquired by a 3D laser scanner with centimeter spatial resolution. Firstly, to research relative light intensity (RLI), canopies were scanned with a FARO Focus3D 120 laser scanner on a calm day without strong light intensity and then divided into 180 cube units for each canopy according to actual division methods in three-dimensional spaces based on distance information. Meanwhile, four different types of RLI were defined as 0–30%, 30–60%, 60–85%, and 85–100%, respectively, according to the actual division method for tree canopies. Secondly, Ch1 content in the 180 cubic units of each apple tree was measured by a leaf chlorophyll meter (soil and plant analyzer development, SPAD). Then, color characteristics were extracted from each cubic area of the 3D model and calculated by two color variables, which could be regarded as effective indicators of Ch1 content in field crop areas. Finally, to address the complexity and fuzziness of relationships between the color characteristics and Ch1 content of apple tree canopies (which could not be expressed by an accurate mathematical model), a three-layer artificial neural network (ANN) was constructed as a predictive model to find Ch1 content in different light areas in apple tree canopies. The results indicated that the mean highest and mean lowest value of Ch1 content distributed in 60–85% and 0–30% of RLI areas, respectively, and that there was no significant difference between adjacent RLI areas. Additionally, color characteristics changed regularly as the RLI rose within canopies. Moreover, the prediction of Ch1 content was strongly correlated with those of actual measurements (R = 0.9755) by the SPAD leaf chlorophyll meter. In summary, the color characteristics in 3D apple tree canopies combined with ANN technology could be used as a potential rapid technique for predicting Ch1 content in different areas of light in apple tree canopies.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/3/429apple tree3D reconstructioncolor characteristicdifferent light areachlorophyll contentPrediction model |
| spellingShingle | Xiaodan Ma Jiarui Feng Haiou Guan Gang Liu Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Different Light Areas of Apple Tree Canopies based on the Color Characteristics of 3D Reconstruction Remote Sensing apple tree 3D reconstruction color characteristic different light area chlorophyll content Prediction model |
| title | Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Different Light Areas of Apple Tree Canopies based on the Color Characteristics of 3D Reconstruction |
| title_full | Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Different Light Areas of Apple Tree Canopies based on the Color Characteristics of 3D Reconstruction |
| title_fullStr | Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Different Light Areas of Apple Tree Canopies based on the Color Characteristics of 3D Reconstruction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Different Light Areas of Apple Tree Canopies based on the Color Characteristics of 3D Reconstruction |
| title_short | Prediction of Chlorophyll Content in Different Light Areas of Apple Tree Canopies based on the Color Characteristics of 3D Reconstruction |
| title_sort | prediction of chlorophyll content in different light areas of apple tree canopies based on the color characteristics of 3d reconstruction |
| topic | apple tree 3D reconstruction color characteristic different light area chlorophyll content Prediction model |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/10/3/429 |
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