Mixed Silage of Banana Pseudostem and Maize Stover on Ethiopian Smallholder Farms: Effect of Fermentation Package and Location on Microbiological and Nutritional Evaluation
Preservation of widely available crop residues as silage could reduce feed shortages in Ethiopia. Four mixtures of banana pseudostem (BPS) and fresh maize stover (FMS) were prepared for fermentation considering the local conditions and available resources: 100% FMS, 80% FMS + 20% BPS, 60% FMS + 40%...
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/11/2152 |
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| author | Ashenafi Azage Mitiku Dries Vandeweyer Ines Adriaens Yisehak Kechero Leen Van Campenhout Ben Aernouts |
| author_facet | Ashenafi Azage Mitiku Dries Vandeweyer Ines Adriaens Yisehak Kechero Leen Van Campenhout Ben Aernouts |
| author_sort | Ashenafi Azage Mitiku |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Preservation of widely available crop residues as silage could reduce feed shortages in Ethiopia. Four mixtures of banana pseudostem (BPS) and fresh maize stover (FMS) were prepared for fermentation considering the local conditions and available resources: 100% FMS, 80% FMS + 20% BPS, 60% FMS + 40% BPS and 95% BPS + 5% molasses. Each of the four mixtures was fermented in plastic bags as well as in plastic drums. Apart from the effect of the mixture and fermentation package, two fermentation locations were also considered. The fermentation was replicated three times for each combination of mixture, fermentation package and fermentation condition. The pH, microbial counts (total viable count, lactic acid bacteria count, Enterobacteriaceae count, yeast and mold count) and nutritional values of the fresh material and mixed silage were measured. Fermentation was successful for all mixed silages, reaching a pH below four, while the total viable count, Enterobacteriaceae count, yeast and mold count dropped (all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) and digestibility and metabolizable energy increased compared to the fresh mixtures. Enterobacteriaceae counts reached values below the detection limit in all mixed silages fermented in drums unlike the bag silages. The plastic bags used as fermentation package were found to be sensitive to damage, resulting in a a higher pH and visible signs of yeast and mold. Although fermentation of BPS with molasses resulted in a significant increase in dry matter digestibility (41.14 to 46.17–49.92%) and organic matter digestibility (50.52 to 55.22–58.75%), they were lower compared to most mixed silages with FMS. Fermentation of 80 and 60% FMS mixtures increased the crude protein content from 44.30 to 71.27–82.20 g/kg DM, and from 43.63 to 63.10–65.83 g/kg DM, respectively. The highest increase (1.77 MJ/kg DM) in metabolizable energy was recorded for 80% FMS fermented in drums. The location of fermentation had no effect on pH, microbial counts and nutritional values. This study demonstrates that crop by-products can be successfully fermented under conditions prevailing in Ethiopia, with drums being preferred over bags. Mixing BPS with FMS is advised to absorb BPS juice losses and obtain silage with more crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fibers and metabolizable energy, as well as a higher digestibility. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:06:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-253dd0c64c834012843bed1ceafcbfb4 |
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| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:06:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-253dd0c64c834012843bed1ceafcbfb42023-11-24T14:23:25ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722023-11-011311215210.3390/agriculture13112152Mixed Silage of Banana Pseudostem and Maize Stover on Ethiopian Smallholder Farms: Effect of Fermentation Package and Location on Microbiological and Nutritional EvaluationAshenafi Azage Mitiku0Dries Vandeweyer1Ines Adriaens2Yisehak Kechero3Leen Van Campenhout4Ben Aernouts5Research Group for Insect Production and Processing (IP&P), Division of Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Geel Campus, KU Leuven, B-2440 Geel, BelgiumResearch Group for Insect Production and Processing (IP&P), Division of Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Geel Campus, KU Leuven, B-2440 Geel, BelgiumLivestock Technology Research Group, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Geel Campus, KU Leuven, B-2440 Geel, BelgiumCollege of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch P.O. Box 21, EthiopiaResearch Group for Insect Production and Processing (IP&P), Division of Food and Microbial Technology (CLMT), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Geel Campus, KU Leuven, B-2440 Geel, BelgiumLivestock Technology Research Group, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, Geel Campus, KU Leuven, B-2440 Geel, BelgiumPreservation of widely available crop residues as silage could reduce feed shortages in Ethiopia. Four mixtures of banana pseudostem (BPS) and fresh maize stover (FMS) were prepared for fermentation considering the local conditions and available resources: 100% FMS, 80% FMS + 20% BPS, 60% FMS + 40% BPS and 95% BPS + 5% molasses. Each of the four mixtures was fermented in plastic bags as well as in plastic drums. Apart from the effect of the mixture and fermentation package, two fermentation locations were also considered. The fermentation was replicated three times for each combination of mixture, fermentation package and fermentation condition. The pH, microbial counts (total viable count, lactic acid bacteria count, Enterobacteriaceae count, yeast and mold count) and nutritional values of the fresh material and mixed silage were measured. Fermentation was successful for all mixed silages, reaching a pH below four, while the total viable count, Enterobacteriaceae count, yeast and mold count dropped (all <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05) and digestibility and metabolizable energy increased compared to the fresh mixtures. Enterobacteriaceae counts reached values below the detection limit in all mixed silages fermented in drums unlike the bag silages. The plastic bags used as fermentation package were found to be sensitive to damage, resulting in a a higher pH and visible signs of yeast and mold. Although fermentation of BPS with molasses resulted in a significant increase in dry matter digestibility (41.14 to 46.17–49.92%) and organic matter digestibility (50.52 to 55.22–58.75%), they were lower compared to most mixed silages with FMS. Fermentation of 80 and 60% FMS mixtures increased the crude protein content from 44.30 to 71.27–82.20 g/kg DM, and from 43.63 to 63.10–65.83 g/kg DM, respectively. The highest increase (1.77 MJ/kg DM) in metabolizable energy was recorded for 80% FMS fermented in drums. The location of fermentation had no effect on pH, microbial counts and nutritional values. This study demonstrates that crop by-products can be successfully fermented under conditions prevailing in Ethiopia, with drums being preferred over bags. Mixing BPS with FMS is advised to absorb BPS juice losses and obtain silage with more crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fibers and metabolizable energy, as well as a higher digestibility.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/11/2152maize stoverbanana pseudostemsilagemicrobial countsnutritional valuefarm scale |
| spellingShingle | Ashenafi Azage Mitiku Dries Vandeweyer Ines Adriaens Yisehak Kechero Leen Van Campenhout Ben Aernouts Mixed Silage of Banana Pseudostem and Maize Stover on Ethiopian Smallholder Farms: Effect of Fermentation Package and Location on Microbiological and Nutritional Evaluation Agriculture maize stover banana pseudostem silage microbial counts nutritional value farm scale |
| title | Mixed Silage of Banana Pseudostem and Maize Stover on Ethiopian Smallholder Farms: Effect of Fermentation Package and Location on Microbiological and Nutritional Evaluation |
| title_full | Mixed Silage of Banana Pseudostem and Maize Stover on Ethiopian Smallholder Farms: Effect of Fermentation Package and Location on Microbiological and Nutritional Evaluation |
| title_fullStr | Mixed Silage of Banana Pseudostem and Maize Stover on Ethiopian Smallholder Farms: Effect of Fermentation Package and Location on Microbiological and Nutritional Evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mixed Silage of Banana Pseudostem and Maize Stover on Ethiopian Smallholder Farms: Effect of Fermentation Package and Location on Microbiological and Nutritional Evaluation |
| title_short | Mixed Silage of Banana Pseudostem and Maize Stover on Ethiopian Smallholder Farms: Effect of Fermentation Package and Location on Microbiological and Nutritional Evaluation |
| title_sort | mixed silage of banana pseudostem and maize stover on ethiopian smallholder farms effect of fermentation package and location on microbiological and nutritional evaluation |
| topic | maize stover banana pseudostem silage microbial counts nutritional value farm scale |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/11/2152 |
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