Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth
The human exhalation flow is characterized in this work from the three-dimensional velocimetry results obtained by using the stereo particle image velocimetry (SPIV) measurement technique on the flow emitted from a realistic airway model. For this purpose, the transient exhalation flow through the m...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024023144 |
| _version_ | 1797267655688716288 |
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| author | F.A. Berlanga P. Gomez A. Esteban L. Liu P.V. Nielsen |
| author_facet | F.A. Berlanga P. Gomez A. Esteban L. Liu P.V. Nielsen |
| author_sort | F.A. Berlanga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The human exhalation flow is characterized in this work from the three-dimensional velocimetry results obtained by using the stereo particle image velocimetry (SPIV) measurement technique on the flow emitted from a realistic airway model. For this purpose, the transient exhalation flow through the mouth of a person performing two different breaths corresponding to two metabolic rates, standing relaxed (SR) and walking active (WA), is emulated and studied. To reproduce the flow realistically, a detailed three-dimensional model obtained from computed tomography measurements on real subjects is used. To cope with the variability of the experimental data, a subsequent analysis of the results is performed using the TR-PIV (time resolved particle image velocimetry) technique. Exhalation produces a transient jet that becomes a puff when flow emission ends. Three-dimensional vector fields of the jet velocity are obtained in five equally spaced transverse planes up to a distance of Image 1 from the mouth at equally spaced time instants Image 2 which will be referred to as phases (φ), from the beginning to the end of exhalation. The time evolution during exhalation of the jet area of influence, the velocity field and the jet air entrainment have been characterized for each of the jet cross sections. The importance of the use of realistic airway models for the study of this type of flow and the influence of the metabolic rate on its development are also analyzed. The results obtained contribute to the characterization of the human exhalation as a pathway of the transmission of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 virus. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:00:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2571ca2fe0d1477db78cec7a28b2535d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T01:20:02Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-2571ca2fe0d1477db78cec7a28b2535d2024-03-09T09:27:49ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-02-01104e26283Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouthF.A. Berlanga0P. Gomez1A. Esteban2L. Liu3P.V. Nielsen4Dept. de Mecánica, ETSII, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), E-28040, Madrid, Spain; Corresponding author.Dept. de Mecánica, ETSII, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), E-28040, Madrid, SpainDept. de Mecánica, ETSII, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), E-28040, Madrid, SpainDept. of Building Science and Technology, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, ChinaDept. of the Built Environment, Aalborg Universitet, Thomas Manns Vej 23 9220 Aalborg Øst, DenmarkThe human exhalation flow is characterized in this work from the three-dimensional velocimetry results obtained by using the stereo particle image velocimetry (SPIV) measurement technique on the flow emitted from a realistic airway model. For this purpose, the transient exhalation flow through the mouth of a person performing two different breaths corresponding to two metabolic rates, standing relaxed (SR) and walking active (WA), is emulated and studied. To reproduce the flow realistically, a detailed three-dimensional model obtained from computed tomography measurements on real subjects is used. To cope with the variability of the experimental data, a subsequent analysis of the results is performed using the TR-PIV (time resolved particle image velocimetry) technique. Exhalation produces a transient jet that becomes a puff when flow emission ends. Three-dimensional vector fields of the jet velocity are obtained in five equally spaced transverse planes up to a distance of Image 1 from the mouth at equally spaced time instants Image 2 which will be referred to as phases (φ), from the beginning to the end of exhalation. The time evolution during exhalation of the jet area of influence, the velocity field and the jet air entrainment have been characterized for each of the jet cross sections. The importance of the use of realistic airway models for the study of this type of flow and the influence of the metabolic rate on its development are also analyzed. The results obtained contribute to the characterization of the human exhalation as a pathway of the transmission of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 virus.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024023144Cross infection riskTurbulent jetExhalation flowsRealistic model |
| spellingShingle | F.A. Berlanga P. Gomez A. Esteban L. Liu P.V. Nielsen Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth Heliyon Cross infection risk Turbulent jet Exhalation flows Realistic model |
| title | Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth |
| title_full | Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth |
| title_fullStr | Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth |
| title_full_unstemmed | Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth |
| title_short | Three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth |
| title_sort | three dimensional analysis of the exhalation flow in the proximity of the mouth |
| topic | Cross infection risk Turbulent jet Exhalation flows Realistic model |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024023144 |
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