Sensitivity of <i>Zea mays</i> and Soil Microorganisms to the Toxic Effect of Chromium (VI)
Chromium is used in many settings, and hence, it can easily enter the natural environment. It exists in several oxidation states. In soil, depending on its oxidation-reduction potential, it can occur in bivalent, trivalent or hexavalent forms. Hexavalent chromium compounds are cancerogenic to humans...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/178 |
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| author | Jadwiga Wyszkowska Agata Borowik Magdalena Zaborowska Jan Kucharski |
| author_facet | Jadwiga Wyszkowska Agata Borowik Magdalena Zaborowska Jan Kucharski |
| author_sort | Jadwiga Wyszkowska |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Chromium is used in many settings, and hence, it can easily enter the natural environment. It exists in several oxidation states. In soil, depending on its oxidation-reduction potential, it can occur in bivalent, trivalent or hexavalent forms. Hexavalent chromium compounds are cancerogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Cr(VI) on the structure of bacteria and fungi in soil, to find out how this effect is modified by humic acids and to determine the response of <i>Zea mays</i> to this form of chromium. A pot experiment was conducted to answer the above questions. <i>Zea mays</i> was sown in natural soil and soil polluted with Cr(VI) in an amount of 60 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> d.m. Both soils were treated with humic acids in the form of HumiAgra preparation. The ecophysiological and genetic diversity of bacteria and fungi was assayed in soil under maize (not sown with <i>Zea mays</i>). In addition, the following were determined: yield of maize, greenness index, index of tolerance to chromium, translocation index and accumulation of chromium in the plant. It has been determined that Cr(VI) significantly distorts the growth and development of <i>Zea mays</i>, while humic acids completely neutralize its toxic effect on the plant. This element had an adverse effect on the development of bacteria of the genera <i>Cellulosimicrobium</i>, <i>Kaistobacter</i>, <i>Rhodanobacter</i>, <i>Rhodoplanes</i> and <i>Nocardioides</i> and fungi of the genera <i>Chaetomium and Humicola</i>. Soil contamination with Cr(VI) significantly diminished the genetic diversity and richness of bacteria and the ecophysiological diversity of fungi. The negative impact of Cr(VI) on the diversity of bacteria and fungi was mollified by <i>Zea mays</i> and the application of humic acids. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:31:13Z |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:31:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-2589072ba8b148d2a3b20205bfc221082023-12-03T14:54:05ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-12-0124117810.3390/ijms24010178Sensitivity of <i>Zea mays</i> and Soil Microorganisms to the Toxic Effect of Chromium (VI)Jadwiga Wyszkowska0Agata Borowik1Magdalena Zaborowska2Jan Kucharski3Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-727 Olsztyn, PolandChromium is used in many settings, and hence, it can easily enter the natural environment. It exists in several oxidation states. In soil, depending on its oxidation-reduction potential, it can occur in bivalent, trivalent or hexavalent forms. Hexavalent chromium compounds are cancerogenic to humans. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Cr(VI) on the structure of bacteria and fungi in soil, to find out how this effect is modified by humic acids and to determine the response of <i>Zea mays</i> to this form of chromium. A pot experiment was conducted to answer the above questions. <i>Zea mays</i> was sown in natural soil and soil polluted with Cr(VI) in an amount of 60 mg kg<sup>−1</sup> d.m. Both soils were treated with humic acids in the form of HumiAgra preparation. The ecophysiological and genetic diversity of bacteria and fungi was assayed in soil under maize (not sown with <i>Zea mays</i>). In addition, the following were determined: yield of maize, greenness index, index of tolerance to chromium, translocation index and accumulation of chromium in the plant. It has been determined that Cr(VI) significantly distorts the growth and development of <i>Zea mays</i>, while humic acids completely neutralize its toxic effect on the plant. This element had an adverse effect on the development of bacteria of the genera <i>Cellulosimicrobium</i>, <i>Kaistobacter</i>, <i>Rhodanobacter</i>, <i>Rhodoplanes</i> and <i>Nocardioides</i> and fungi of the genera <i>Chaetomium and Humicola</i>. Soil contamination with Cr(VI) significantly diminished the genetic diversity and richness of bacteria and the ecophysiological diversity of fungi. The negative impact of Cr(VI) on the diversity of bacteria and fungi was mollified by <i>Zea mays</i> and the application of humic acids.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/178chrome translocationchromium bioaccumulationgenetic diversityecophysiological diversitybacteriafungi |
| spellingShingle | Jadwiga Wyszkowska Agata Borowik Magdalena Zaborowska Jan Kucharski Sensitivity of <i>Zea mays</i> and Soil Microorganisms to the Toxic Effect of Chromium (VI) International Journal of Molecular Sciences chrome translocation chromium bioaccumulation genetic diversity ecophysiological diversity bacteria fungi |
| title | Sensitivity of <i>Zea mays</i> and Soil Microorganisms to the Toxic Effect of Chromium (VI) |
| title_full | Sensitivity of <i>Zea mays</i> and Soil Microorganisms to the Toxic Effect of Chromium (VI) |
| title_fullStr | Sensitivity of <i>Zea mays</i> and Soil Microorganisms to the Toxic Effect of Chromium (VI) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sensitivity of <i>Zea mays</i> and Soil Microorganisms to the Toxic Effect of Chromium (VI) |
| title_short | Sensitivity of <i>Zea mays</i> and Soil Microorganisms to the Toxic Effect of Chromium (VI) |
| title_sort | sensitivity of i zea mays i and soil microorganisms to the toxic effect of chromium vi |
| topic | chrome translocation chromium bioaccumulation genetic diversity ecophysiological diversity bacteria fungi |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/1/178 |
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